In scientific computation and simulation, the method of fundamental solutions (MFS) is a technique for solving partial differential equations based on using the fundamental solution as a basis function. The MFS was developed to overcome the major drawbacks in the boundary element method (BEM) which also uses the fundamental solution to satisfy the governing equation. Consequently, both the MFS and the BEM are of a boundary discretization numerical technique and reduce the computational complexity by one dimensionality and have particular edge over the domain-type numerical techniques such as the finite element and finite volume methods on the solution of infinite domain, thin-walled structures, and inverse problems. In contrast to the BEM, the MFS avoids the numerical integration of singular fundamental solution and is an inherent meshfree method. The method, however, is compromised by requiring a controversial fictitious boundary outside the physical domain to circumvent the singularity of fundamental solution, which has seriously restricted its applicability to real-world problems. But nevertheless the MFS has been found very competitive to some application areas such as infinite domain problems. The MFS is also known by different names in the literature, including the charge simulation method, the superposition method, the desingularized method, the indirect boundary element method and the virtual boundary element method.
MFS formulation Consider a partial differential equation governing certain type of problems
L u = f ( x , y ) , ( x , y ) ∈ Ω , {\displaystyle Lu=f\left(x,y\right),\ \ \left(x,y\right)\in \Omega ,}
u = g ( x , y ) , ( x , y ) ∈ ∂ Ω D , {\displaystyle u=g\left(x,y\right),\ \ \left(x,y\right)\in \partial \Omega _{D},}
∂ u ∂ n = h ( x , y ) , ( x , y ) ∈ ∂ Ω N , {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial u}{\partial n}}=h\left(x,y\right),\ \ \left(x,y\right)\in \partial \Omega _{N},}
where L {\displaystyle L} is the differential partial operator, Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } represents the computational domain, ∂ Ω D {\displaystyle \partial \Omega _{D}} and ∂ Ω N {\displaystyle \partial \Omega _{N}} denote the Dirichlet and Neumann boundary, respectively, ∂ Ω D ∪ ∂ Ω N = ∂ Ω {\displaystyle \partial \Omega _{D}\cup \partial \Omega _{N}=\partial \Omega } and ∂ Ω D ∩ ∂ Ω N = ∅ {\displaystyle \partial \Omega _{D}\cap \partial \Omega _{N}=\varnothing } . The MFS employs the fundamental solution of the operator as its basis function to represent the approximation of unknown function u as follows
u ∗ ( x , y ) = ∑ i = 1 N α i ϕ ( r i ) {\displaystyle {{u}^{*}}\left(x,y\right)=\sum \limits _{i=1}^{N}\alpha _{i}\phi \left(r_{i}\right)}
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