astronomy

Michael Russell (psychiatrist)

Michael Russell (psychiatrist) is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Michael Russell (psychiatrist) rather than just read about it. In short: Michael Anthony Hamilton Russell (9 March 1932 – 16 July 2009) was a public health scientist and psychiatrist with particular expertise in the field of cigarette smoking for which he identified nicotine as the key factor in tobacco dependence. Career Russell was born in Cape Town, South Africa on 9 March 1932.

Key takeaways

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Reference excerpt

Michael Anthony Hamilton Russell (9 March 1932 – 16 July 2009) was a public health scientist and psychiatrist with particular expertise in the field of cigarette smoking for which he identified nicotine as the key factor in tobacco dependence.

Career Russell was born in Cape Town, South Africa on 9 March 1932. He first studied law before switching to medicine at the University of Oxford and did his clinical training at Guy’s Hospital Medical School, London. Returning to South Africa he worked as a junior doctor at Groote Schuur Hospital where he decided to specialise in psychiatry. He returned to London to train at the Maudsley Hospital. He began his research career in Griffith Edwards’ Addiction Research Unit in the Institute of Psychiatry. He received a programme grant from Medical Research Council to focus his research on the psychopharmacology of smoking. He was appointed professor of addiction in 1986, and his work at the Maudsley continued until 1998. In his retirement he returned to South Africa where he died 16 July 2009.

Research Russell’s whole research career centred around understanding tobacco dependence. In his training as a psychiatrist, he wrote his research thesis on smoking in 1967. He proceeded from this to write an influential paper in 1971 identifying nicotine as the key factor underlying tobacco dependence. He went on to explore a range of treatments to encourage smoking cessation.

Key publications

Smoking related articles Tonnesen, P., Paoletti, P., Gustavsson, G., Russell, M.A.H., Saracci, R., & Gulsvik, A. (1999). Higher dosage nicotine patches increase one-year smoking cessation rates: results from the European CEASE trial. Collaborative European Anti-Smoking Evaluation. European. European Respiratory Journal 13 (2), 238-246 Cohen, S., Tyrell, D.A., Russell, M.A.H., Jarvis, M.J., & Smith, A.P. (1993). Smoking, alcohol consumption, and susceptibility to the common cold. American journal of public health 83 (9), 1277-1283 Sutherland, G., Stapleton, J.A., Russell, M.A.H., Jarvis, M.J., Hajek, P., & Belcher, M. (1992)/ Randomised controlled trial of nasal nicotine spray in smoking cessation. The Lancet 340 (8815), 324-329 Russell, M.A.H. (1990). Smoking and human behavior. Biological psychology, 30 (1), 91-94 Russell, M.A.H., & Feyerabend, C. (1990). Cigarette smoking: a dependence on high-nicotine boli. Drug Metabolism Reviews 8 (1), 29-57 Jarvis, M.J., & Russell, M.A.H. (1989). Treatment for the cigarette smoker. International review of psychiatry 1 (1-2), 139-147 Russell, M.A., Merriman, R., Stapleton, J., & Taylor, W. (1983). Effect of nicotine chewing gum as an adjunct to general practitioner's advice against smoking. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 287 (6407), 1782-1785. West, R.J., & Russell, M.A.H. (1985). Pre-abstinence smoke intake and smoking motivation as predictors of severity of cigarette withdrawal symptoms. Psychopharmacologia, 87 (3), 334-336. Jarvis, M.J., Raw, M., Russell, M.A.H., & Fererabend, C. (1982). Randomised controlled trial of nicotine chewing-gum. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 285 (6341), 537-540 Jarvis, M.J., Russell, M.A., & Saloojee, Y. (1980). Expired air carbon monoxide: a simple breath test of tobacco smoke intake. BMJ, 281 (6238), 484 Russell, M.A.H., Wilson, C., Taylor, C., & Baker, C.D. (1979). Effect of general practitioners' advice against smoking. BMJ, 2 (6184), 231-235 Russell, M.A.H., Jarvis, M., Iyer, R., & Feyerabend, C. (1979). Relation of nicotine yield of cigarettes to blood nicotine concentrations in smokers. BMJ, 280 (6219), 972-976 Feyerabend, C., Russell, M.A.H. (1978)A rapid gas‐liquid chromatographic method for the determination of cotinine and nicotine in biological fluids. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 42 (6), 450-452. Russell, M.A.H., Wilson, C., Feyerabend, C., & Cole, P.V. (1976). Effect of nicotine chewing gum on smoking behaviour and as an aid to cigarette withdrawal. BMJ, 2, 391-393. Russell, M.A., Feyerabend, C. & Cole, P.V. (1976).Plasma nicotine levels after cigarette smoking and chewing nicotine gum. Br Med J 1 (6017), 1043-1046 Russell, M.A.H. (1976). Low-tar medium-nicotine cigarettes: a new approach to safer smoking. BMJ 1 (6023), 1430-1433 Russell, M.A.H., Peto, J., & Patel, U.A. (1974). The classification of smoking by factorial structure of motives. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society 137 Russell, M.A.H. (1971). Cigarette smoking: natural history of a dependence disorder. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 44, 1. Russell, M.A.H. (1970). Effect of electric aversion on cigarette smoking. BMJ, 1, 82-86.

Other articles George, M.J., Russell, M.A., Piontak, J.R., & Odgers, C.L. (2018). Concurrent and subsequent associations between daily digital technology use and high-risk adolescents’ mental health symptoms. Child development 89 (1), 78-88 Odgers, C.L., Caspi, A., Russell, M.A., Sampson, R.J., Arseneault, L., Moffitt, T.E. (2012). Supportive parenting mediates neighborhood socioeconomic disparities in children's antisocial behavior from ages 5 to 12. Development and psychopathology 24 (3), 705-721

References

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Michael Russell (psychiatrist)

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Michael Russell (psychiatrist) claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Michael Russell (psychiatrist) before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Michael Russell (psychiatrist) ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Michael Russell (psychiatrist)

In research: Michael Russell (psychiatrist) appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Michael Russell (psychiatrist) in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Michael Russell (psychiatrist) is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1932 births, 2009 deaths, Alumni of the University of Oxford, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Michael Russell (psychiatrist) outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Michael Russell (psychiatrist) in 20 minutes

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Frequently asked questions

What is Michael Russell (psychiatrist) in simple terms?

Why does Michael Russell (psychiatrist) matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Michael Russell (psychiatrist)?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Michael Russell (psychiatrist).