The Milky Way or Milky Way Galaxy, or simply the Galaxy, is the galaxy that includes the Solar System, with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars in other arms of the galaxy, which are so far away that they cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye. The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with a D25 isophotal diameter estimated at 26.8 ± 1.1 kiloparsecs (87,400 ± 3,600 light-years), but only about 1,000 light-years thick at the spiral arms (more at the bar). Recent simulations suggest that a dark matter area, also containing some visible stars, may extend up to a diameter of almost 2 million light-years (613 kpc). The Milky Way has several satellite galaxies and is part of the Local Group of galaxies, forming part of the Virgo Supercluster which is itself a component of the Laniakea Supercluster. It is estimated to contain 100–400 billion stars and at least that number of planets. The Solar System is located at a radius of about 27,000 light-years (8.3 kpc) from the Galactic Center, on the inner edge of the Orion Arm, one of the spiral-shaped concentrations of gas and dust. The stars in the innermost 10,000 light-years form a bulge and one or more bars that radiate from the bulge. The Galactic Center is an intense radio source known as Sagittarius A*, a supermassive black hole with a mass of 4.100 (± 0.034) million solar masses. The oldest stars in the Milky Way are nearly as old as the universe itself and thus probably formed shortly after the Dark Ages of the Big Bang. Galileo Galilei first resolved the band of light into individual stars with his telescope in 1610. Until the early 1920s, most astronomers thought that the Milky Way contained all the stars in the universe. Following the 1920 Great Debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Doust Curtis, observations by Edwin Hubble in 1923 showed that the Milky Way was just one of many galaxies.
Mythology
In the Babylonian epic poem Enūma Eliš, the Milky Way is created from the severed tail of the primeval salt water dragon Tiamat, set in the sky by Marduk, the Babylonian national god, after slaying her. This story was once thought to have been based on an older Sumerian version in which Tiamat is instead slain by Enlil of Nippur, but is now thought to be purely an invention of Babylonian propagandists with the intention of showing Marduk as superior to the Sumerian deities.
Etymology In Greek mythology, Zeus places Heracles, his infant son born to Alcmene, on Hera's breast while she is asleep so the baby will drink her divine milk and become immortal. Hera wakes up while breastfeeding and then realizes she is nursing an unknown baby: she pushes the baby away, some of her milk spills, and it produces the band of light known as the Milky Way. In another Greek story, the abandoned Heracles is given by Athena to Hera for feeding, but Heracles' forcefulness causes Hera to rip him from her breast in pain. In Western culture, the name "Milky Way" derives from its appearance as a dim, unresolved, "milky" glowing band arching across the night sky. The term is a translation of the Classical Latin via lactea, in turn derived from the Hellenistic Greek γαλαξίας, short for γαλαξίας κύκλος (galaxías kýklos), meaning "milky circle". The Ancient Greek γαλαξίας (galaxias) – from root γαλακτ-, γάλα ("milk") + -ίας (forming adjectives) – is also the root of "galaxy", the name for our, and later all such, collections of stars. The Milky Way, or "milk circle", was just one of 11 "circles" the Greeks identified in the sky, others being the zodiac, the meridian, the horizon, the equator, the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle, and two colure circles passing through both poles. The English term can be traced back to a story by Geoffrey Chaucer c. 1380:
See yonder, lo, the Galaxyë Which men clepeth the Milky Wey, For hit is whyt: and somme, parfey,
Other common names "Birds' Path" is used in several Uralic and Turkic languages and in the Baltic languages. Northern peoples observed that migratory birds follow the course of the galaxy while migrating in the Northern Hemisphere. The name "Birds' Path" (in Finnish, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Bashkir, and Kazakh) has some variations in other languages, e.g., "Way of the grey (wild) goose" in Chuvash, Mari, and Tatar, and "Way of the Crane" in Erzya and Moksha. The Kaurna people of the Adelaide Plains of South Australia called the Milky Way wodliparri in the Kaurna language, meaning "house river". The Gomeroi people between New South Wales and Queensland called the Milky Way Dhinawan, the giant "Emu in the Sky" that it stretches across the night sky. The Milky Way was traditionally used as a guide by pilgrims traveling to the holy site at Santiago de Compostela, hence the use of "The Road to Santiago" as a name for the Milky Way. Curiously, La Voje Ladee ("The Milky Way") was also used to refer to the pilgrimage road. River Ganga of the Sky: this Sanskrit name (आकाशगंगा Ākāśagaṃgā) is used in many Indian languages following a Hindu belief. The Chinese name "Silver River" (銀河) is used throughout East Asia, including Korea and Vietnam (Ngân hà). In Japan and Korea, "Silver River" (Japanese: 銀河, romanized: ginga; Korean: 은하; RR: eunha) refers to any galaxy. The Japanese name for the Milky Way is the "River of Heaven" (天の川, Ama no gawa), as well as an alternative name in Chinese (Chinese: 天河; pinyin: Tiānhé). In Vietnamese, "River of Heaven" (Thiên hà) refers to any galaxy. In West Asia, Central Asia, and parts of the Balkans, the name for the Milky Way is related to the word for straw. Today, Persians, Pakistanis, and Turks use it alongside Arabs, known to them as Darb at-Tabbānah (Arabic: درب التبانة) meaning "Pathway of the Straw". It has been suggested that the term was spread by medieval Arabs who in turn borrowed it from Armenians. In Serbo-Croatian it is interchangeably called "Kumova slama" (lit. transl. Godfather's Straw) along the "Mliječni put" (lit. transl. Milky Way). Scandinavian peoples, such as Swedes, have called the galaxy "Winter Street" (Vintergatan) as the galaxy is most clearly visible during the winter in the northern hemisphere, especially at high latitudes where the glow of the Sun late at night can obscure it during the summer.
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