Mobile number portability (MNP) enables mobile phone users to retain a mobile telephone number when changing the mobile network operator.
Overview
Mobile number portability (MNP) allows people to keep their phone numbers when switching to a new mobile network. Moreover, it has been implemented in various ways across the globe. In most places, like Europe and many other countries, the process is "recipient-led." This means that when you want to switch to a new network, you contact the new network (the recipient). The new network then asks your current network (the donor) to transfer your number. This method is generally seen as straightforward for customers because they only need to interact with the new network. However, the UK and India have a different system known as "donor-led" porting. In these countries, you first need to contact your current network (the donor) to get a special code a Porting Authorization Code (PAC) in the UK or a Unique Porting Code (UPC) in India—which is to be submitted to the recipient network. The recipient continues the porting process by informing the recipient of that porting code. The method has been criticized by some industry analysts as being inefficient, though it prevents MNP scams. It has also been observed that it may act as customer deterrent as well as allowing the donor an opportunity to win back the customers. This might lead to distortion of competition, especially in the markets with new entrants that are yet to achieve scalability in operations. From 1 July 2019 as a result of new rules from Ofcom, In the UK a customer can request a PAC by simply texting "PAC" to 65075, making the process easier without needing to speak directly to the current provider.
Technical details
A key technical aspect of Mobile Number Portability (MNP) involves the routing of calls or mobile messages (SMS, MMS) to a number once it has been ported. Various call routing implementations exist globally, but the International and European best practice employs a central database (CDB) of ported numbers. Network operators replicate the CDB and query it to determine the network to which a call should be directed. According to RFC 3482, this method, known as All Call Query (ACQ), is both efficient and scalable. The majority of established and emerging MNP systems worldwide rely on this ACQ/CDB method for call routing. The United Kingdom is one of the few countries that does not use the ACQ/CDB approach. Instead, after a number is ported, calls are routed through the donor network, a method known as "indirect routing." This approach is inefficient as it wastes transmission and switching capacity. Additionally, indirect routing poses risks: if the donor network experiences a fault or ceases operations, customers with ported numbers will lose incoming calls. The UK telecoms regulator Ofcom completed its extended review of the UK MNP process on 29 November 2007, and mandated that ACQ/CDB be implemented for mobile-to-mobile ported calls by 1 September 2009. However, in 2010, Ofcom reversed this decision following objections from major UK telecom operators regarding the cost analysis of the mandate and a successful appeal by Vodafone in 2008. Prior to March 2008, the minimum porting time in the UK was 5 working days, compared to 3.5 days in Pakistan, 2 hours in the United States, as quickly as 20 minutes in the Republic of Ireland, 3 minutes in Australia and a few seconds in New Zealand. On 17 July 2007, Ofcom concluded a review mandating a reduction of porting time to 2 working days effective 1 April 2008. Following consultations, Ofcom also mandated that near-instant (no more than 2 hours) recipient-led porting be implemented by 1 September 2009. However, Vodafone UK appealed this decision to the Competition Appeal Tribunal (CAT), which ruled in favor of Vodafone on 18 September 2008, returning the matter to Ofcom for reconsideration. On 8 July 2010, Ofcom issued a final statement retaining the donor-led process, mandating a two-hour PAC release time, and reducing the porting time from two working days to one working day. In decentralized MNP models, a Flexible Number Register (FNR) may be used to manage a database of ported-out and ported-in numbers for call routing.
Number lookup services Service providers and carriers who route messages and voice calls to MNP-enabled countries might use home location register (HLR) query services to find out the correct network of a mobile phone number. A number of such services exist, which query the operator's HLR over the SS7 signaling network in order to determine the current network of a specified mobile phone number prior to attempted routing of messaging or voice traffic. These number lookup services can access the centralized database where the details related to each phone number subscribe is present who has been authorized to use the GSM network.
Impact on mobile carriers and customers
Mobile Number Portability (MNP) is crucial for telecom markets as it eliminates a significant barrier to switching, particularly for users who place high value on their numbers, such as business users. By reducing the obstacles to switching, MNP benefits challenger carriers in competition with dominant incumbents. Typically, the implementation of MNP in a country results in an increase in customer churn. The experience of portability can differ significantly from country to country. For instance, in Portugal, any call to a ported mobile number is accompanied by an announcement indicating that the number has been ported. The uptake of porting varies considerably across markets. According to a report by the Irish regulator Comreg, over 3 million mobile numbers were ported in Ireland between 2004 and 2013. In contrast, Portugal, which has a much larger population of mobile users, saw just over one million numbers ported during a similar timeframe.
The Americas
Central Asia
Asia Pacific
Europe
Middle East and Africa
See also Local number portability Porting Authorisation Code
References
