chemistry

Momme Andresen

Momme Andresen is a chemistry topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Momme Andresen rather than just read about it. In short: Momme Andresen (German: [ˈmɔmə ʔanˈdʁeːzn̩], Danish: [ˈmʌmə ænˈtʁeˀsn̩]; 17 October 1857 – 12 January 1951) was a Danish-German industrial research chemist. His main area of work was to formulate better developers and fixers for black-and-white photographs.

Key takeaways

Momme Andresen belongs to chemistry; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Momme Andresen to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Momme Andresen from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Momme Andresen (German: [ˈmɔmə ʔanˈdʁeːzn̩], Danish: [ˈmʌmə ænˈtʁeˀsn̩]; 17 October 1857 – 12 January 1951) was a Danish-German industrial research chemist. His main area of work was to formulate better developers and fixers for black-and-white photographs.

Biography Andresen attended a Volksschule (a local state school) in Niebüll, Schleswig-Holstein, near his birthplace. He studied chemistry at the Technische Hochschule Dresden under Rudolf Schmitt. After doctoral studies at the University of Jena, he returned to Dresden to work as Schmitt's assistant. His first independent scientific work was to determine the structure of the dyestuff safranin, for the German chemical company Cassella. Around that time, he also discovered "Andresen's acid". He worked for some years in Buffalo, New York. In 1887, he took employment at Aktien-Gesellschaft für Anilinfabrikation (modern AGFA) in Berlin as a dyestuff chemist. He was already a keen amateur photographer. He had used, and was dissatisfied with, developers based on hydroquinone (which had been introduced in 1880). In 1889, AGFA set up a photographic research unit in Berlin, with Andresen as its head. His goal was to devise photographic developers which could be stored as stable liquid concentrates which could be diluted for use when needed, rather than having to be made up from several ingredients on the spot. He worked on formulations based on p-phenylenediamine and p-aminophenol, among other aromatic amines. He discovered a useful formulation based on p-aminophenol. On 27 January 1891, a German patent application describing and claiming it was filed. That application was granted as German patent DE 60,174. Corresponding patents were granted in other countries, including FR 211,243, GB 1,736/1891 and US 477,486. AGFA commercialised the formulation under the trade name Rodinal. Rodinal was still in use more than a century after its invention. In 1892. he turned his attention to dry plate (gelatin process) photography. That process had been invented in 1871, and commercialised in 1879. It had problems; including inconsistent results and halation (German: Lichthof). In 1895, he had a part in devising improvements to the process which led to AGFA commercialising a product in 1898 which both gave better results and was quicker to develop than anything used before. It was especially useful in X-ray photography. In 1940, the University of Jena awarded him an honorary doctorate. He wrote at least one poem in his native North Frisian dialect.

Publications US patent 405938, Momme Andresen, "Manufacture of a New Alpha-Napthol-Disulphonic Acid", issued 25 June 1889, assigned to Actien-Gesellschaft für Anilinfabrikation . US patent 475372, Momme Andrésen, "Process of Developing Photographic Pictures", issued 24 May 1892 US patent 477486, Momme Andresen, "Photographic Developer", issued 21 June 1892 US patent 641919, Momme Andresen & Ernst Leupold, "Process of Intensifying Photographs", issued 23 January 1900, assigned to Actien-Gesellschaft für Anilinfabrikation US patent 814503, Momme Andreson; Otto Magerstedt & Gerhard Ollendorff, "Receptacle", issued 6 May 1906, assigned to Actien-Gesellschaft für Anilinfabrikation Das latente Lichtbild, seine Entstehung und Entwicklung. Knapp, Halle (1913) Über lichthoffreie und farbenempfindliche Platten. Agfa, Berlin (1916) Über photographische Entwickler. Agfa, Berlin (undated) Über photographische Hilfsmittel im Negativ- und Positiv-Prozess. Agfa, Berlin (undated) Winke für die Blitzlicht-Photographie. Agfa, Berlin (undated) Agfa Photo-Handbuch. I. G. Farbenindustrie AG, Berlin (1930)

Notes

References

Meier, Hans-Otto; Schließmann, Fritz (1998). Der Königsteinhof. Die Geschichte einer bedeutenden Hofstelle. Das Lebenswerk des Dr. Momme Andresen, Pionier der Photographie (in German). Nordfriesischer Heimatverein Dagebüll e. V. OCLC 873119419. Finger, Ehrhard (14 September 2007). Momme Andresen - Pionier der Fotografie (in German). Erfurt: Desotron. ISBN 9783932875298.

Further reading "Literature von und über Momme Andresen ("Publications by and about Momme Andresen")". Deutschen Nationalbibliothek (in German). Retrieved 18 August 2017. "Momme Andresen". namenfinden.de. Retrieved 20 August 2017.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Momme Andresen

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Momme Andresen claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In chemistry, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Momme Andresen before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Momme Andresen ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Momme Andresen

In research: Momme Andresen appears in chemistry research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Momme Andresen in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Momme Andresen is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1857 births, 1951 deaths, 19th-century Danish inventors, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Momme Andresen outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Momme Andresen in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Momme Andresen means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Momme Andresen out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Momme Andresen in simple terms?

Why does Momme Andresen matter?

Because it connects several chemistry ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Momme Andresen?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Momme Andresen.