N'Ko (ߒߞߏ), also spelled Nko, is an alphabetic script devised by Solomana Kanté in 1949, as a modern writing system for the Manding languages of West Africa. The term Nko, which means I say in all Manding languages, is also used for the Manding literary standard written in the Nko script. The script has a few similarities to the Arabic script, notably its direction (right-to-left) and the letters that are connected at the base. Unlike Arabic, it is obligatory to mark both tone and vowels. Nko tones are marked as diacritics.
History
Kanté created N’Ko in response to beliefs that no indigenous African writing system existed, as well as to provide a better way to write Manding languages, which had for centuries been written predominantly in Ajami script, which was not perfectly suited to the tones unique to Mandé and common to other West African languages. An anecdote popular with N'Ko proponents is that Kanté was particularly challenged to create the distinct system when, while in Bouake, he found a book by Kamel Mrowa who dismissed African languages as “like those of the birds, impossible to transcribe” despite said Ajami history. Kanté then devised N’Ko while he was in Bingerville, Côte d'Ivoire, and later brought it to his native Kankan, Guinea. N’Ko began to be used in many educational books, and the script is believed to have been finalized on April 14, 1949 – a date now celebrated as N’Ko Alphabet Day. Kanté initially used the system to transcribe religious, scientific, and philosophical literature, and even a dictionary. These texts were then distributed as gifts across the Manding-speaking parts of West Africa. The script received its first dedicated typewriter from Eastern Europe as Guinea had ties to the Soviet Union in the 1950s. This introduction of the script led to a movement promoting N’Ko literacy among Mandé speakers in both Anglophone and Francophone West Africa. N’Ko literacy was thus instrumental in shaping Maninka cultural identity in Guinea, and strengthened Manding identity in wider West Africa. On June 27, 2024, the N’Ko literary standard was added to Google Translate.
Current use
As of 2005, it was used mainly in Guinea and the Ivory Coast (respectively by Maninka and Dyula speakers), with an active user community in Mali (by Bambara speakers). Publications include a translation of the Quran, a variety of textbooks on subjects such as physics and geography, poetic and philosophical works, descriptions of traditional medicine, a dictionary, and several local newspapers. Though taught mostly informally through Nko literacy promotion associations, Nko has also been introduced more recently into formal education through private primary schools in Upper Guinea. It has been classed as the most successful of the West African scripts. Nko literature generally uses a literary language register, termed kangbe (literally, 'clear language'), that is seen as a potential compromise dialect across Mandé languages. For example, the word for 'name' in Bamanan is tɔgɔ and in Maninka it is tɔɔ. Nko has only one written word for 'name', but individuals read and pronounce the word in their own language. This literary register is thus intended as a koiné language blending elements of the principal Manding languages, which are mutually intelligible, but has a very strong Maninka influence. There has also been documented use of Nko, with additional diacritics, for traditional religious publications in the Yoruba and Fon languages of Benin and southwestern Nigeria.
Letters The Nko script is written from right to left, with letters being connected to one another.
Vowels
Consonants
Tones Nko uses seven diacritical marks to denote tonality and vowel length. Together with plain vowels, Nko distinguishes four tones: high, low, ascending, and descending; and two vowel lengths: long and short. Unmarked signs designate short, descending vowels. One dot below a vowel marks that vowel as nasal.
Non-native sounds and letters Nko also provides a way of representing non-native sounds through the modification of its letters with diacritics. These letters are used in transliterated names and loanwords. Two dots above a vowel, resembling a diaeresis or umlaut mark, represent a foreign vowel: u-two-dots for the French /y/ sound, or e-two-dots for the French /ə/. Diacritics are also placed above some consonant letters to cover sounds not found in Mandé, such as gb-dot for /ɡ/; gb-line for /ɣ/; gb-two-dots for /k͡p/; f-dot for /v/; rr-dot for /ʁ/; etc.
Numerals Nko numerals use positional notation. Unlike Western and Eastern Arabic numerals, digits are written from right-to-left.
Punctuation
⸜...⸝ bracket paraphrased text, approximately equivalent to italics in Latin script. N’Ko "uses a set of paired punctuation, U+2E1C ⸜ LEFT LOW PARAPHRASE BRACKET and U+2E1D ⸝ RIGHT LOW PARAPHRASE BRACKET, to indicate indirect quotations." «...» bracket quoted text. ⟨߸⟩ comma ⟨߹⟩ exclamation mark ⟨߷⟩ paragraph mark; marks the end of a section of text ⟨ߴ⟩ apostrophe (elision of a vowel carrying a high tone) ⟨ߵ⟩ apostrophe (elision of a vowel carrying a low tone) A low hyphen is used for compound words and the ASCII hyphen ⟨-⟩ is used for splitting words at line breaks. There is no distinct computer character for the low hyphen; Unicode recommends using the non-breaking hyphen for that purpose. Arabic punctuation marks used in Nko text include:
⟨،⟩ comma (may occur in the same text as ⟨߸⟩) ⟨؛⟩ semicolon ⟨؟⟩ question mark ⟨﴾...﴿⟩ ornate parentheses (graphic form may differ from Arabic)
Digitization With the increasing use of computers and the subsequent desire to provide universal access to information technology, the challenge arose of developing ways to use the Nko script on computers. From the 1990s onwards, there were efforts to develop fonts and even web content by adapting other software and fonts. A word processor for MS-DOS, Koma Kuda, was developed by Prof. Baba Mamadi Diané from Cairo University. The lack of intercompatibility inherent in such solutions was a block to further development.
Wikipedia There is an Nko version of Wikipedia in existence since 26 November 2019, it contains 1,619 articles, with 12,947 edits and 6,140 users.
Unicode
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