astronomy

Nancy I. Williams

Nancy I. Williams is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Nancy I. Williams rather than just read about it. In short: Nancy I. Williams is an American kinesiologist who is a professor at Pennsylvania State University.

Key takeaways

Nancy I. Williams belongs to astronomy; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Nancy I. Williams to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Nancy I. Williams from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Nancy I. Williams is an American kinesiologist who is a professor at Pennsylvania State University. Her research considers the physiological mechanisms that underpin energy balance, exercise performance and bone health. She is a former president of the American Kinesiology Association and Fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine.

Early life and education Williams is from New Jersey. She attended Shawnee High School. Williams studied biology at Bucknell University before moving to Ohio State University for a graduate degree. Williams moved to the Boston University for her doctoral research, where she focussed on anatomy and physiology. After earning her doctoral degree, Williams moved to the University of Pittsburgh, where she worked as a postdoctoral researcher in reproductive sciences.

Research and career Williams studies women's health and exercise. In 1997, Williams joined the faculty at Pennsylvania State University, where she was promoted to full professor in 2009. In 2012 Williams was made Head of Department of Kinesiology at the Pennsylvania State University College of Health and Human Development. Her research includes randomized controlled trials to understand the female athlete triad. She has shown that up to 60% of women recreational athletes experience menstrual dysfunction. She has explored how weight loss impacts the acute-exercise induced suppression of appetite. She serves on the Board of Directors of the Female and Male Athlete Triad. In 2019 Williams was elected President of the American Kinesiology Association.

Awards and honours 1994 National Institutes of Health Individual National Research Service Award 1998 Elected Fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine 2001 Department of Defense Breast Cancer Research Program Career Development Award 2011 Elected Fellow of the National Academy of Kinesiology

Selected publications Souza, Mary Jane De; Nattiv, Aurelia; Joy, Elizabeth; Misra, Madhusmita; Williams, Nancy I.; Mallinson, Rebecca J.; Gibbs, Jenna C.; Olmsted, Marion; Goolsby, Marci; Matheson, Gordon; Panel, Expert (2014-02-01). "2014 Female Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statement on Treatment and Return to Play of the Female Athlete Triad: 1st International Conference held in San Francisco, California, May 2012 and 2nd International Conference held in Indianapolis, Indiana, May 2013". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 48 (4): 289. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-093218. ISSN 0306-3674. PMID 24463911. Williams, Nancy I.; Helmreich, Dana L.; Parfitt, David B.; Caston-Balderrama, Anne; Cameron, Judy L. (2001). "Evidence for a Causal Role of Low Energy Availability in the Induction of Menstrual Cycle Disturbances during Strenuous Exercise Training". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 86 (11): 5184–5193. doi:10.1210/jcem.86.11.8024. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 11701675. De Souza, Mary Jane; Leidy, Heather J.; O’Donnell, Emma; Lasley, Bill; Williams, Nancy I. (2004). "Fasting Ghrelin Levels in Physically Active Women: Relationship with Menstrual Disturbances and Metabolic Hormones". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 89 (7): 3536–3542. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-032007. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 15240643.

References

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Nancy I. Williams

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Nancy I. Williams claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Nancy I. Williams before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Nancy I. Williams ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Nancy I. Williams

In research: Nancy I. Williams appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Nancy I. Williams in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Nancy I. Williams is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Boston University alumni, Bucknell University alumni, Living people, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Nancy I. Williams outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Nancy I. Williams in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Nancy I. Williams means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Nancy I. Williams out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Nancy I. Williams in simple terms?

Nancy I. Williams is an American kinesiologist who is a professor at Pennsylvania State University.

Why does Nancy I. Williams matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Nancy I. Williams?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Nancy I. Williams.