The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) is one of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the United States Department of Health and Human Services. It supports and conducts research aimed at improving the health of children, adults, families, and communities, including:
Reducing infant deaths Promoting healthy pregnancy and childbirth Investigating growth and human development Examining problems of birth defects and intellectual and developmental disabilities Understanding reproductive health Enhancing function across the lifespan through rehabilitation research
History The impetus for NICHD came from the Task Force on the Health and Well-Being of Children, convened in 1961 and led by Dr. Robert E. Cooke, a senior medical advisor to President John F. Kennedy. Eunice Kennedy Shriver also served on the task force, which reported that more research was needed on the physical, emotional, and intellectual growth of children. The U.S. Congress established NICHD in 1962 as the first NIH institute to focus on the entire life process rather than on a specific disease or body system. NICHD became a funding source for research on birth defects and intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs), created a new pediatrics specialty, and established IDDs as a field of research. The institute also focused on the idea that adult health has its origins in early development and that behavior and social science were important aspects of human development. On December 21, 2007, by act of Congress (Public Law 110–54), NICHD was renamed the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in honor of Mrs. Shriver's vision, dedication, and contributions to the founding of the institute.
Past directors Past directors from 1963–present:
Mission The mission of NICHD is to ensure that every person is born healthy and wanted, that women suffer no harmful effects from reproductive processes, and that all children have the chance to achieve their full potential for healthy and productive lives, free from disease or disability, and to ensure the health, productivity, independence, and well-being of all people through optimal rehabilitation.
Operation As of November 2016, the director of NICHD is Diana W. Bianchi. NICHD's budget in 2015 was an estimated $1.3 billion, which supported research at institutions, universities, and organizations throughout the world, as well as research conducted by NICHD scientists on the NIH campus in Bethesda, MD, and at other facilities.
Components Source:
Office of the Director Division of Extramural Research Child Development and Behavior Branch Contraceptive Discovery and Development Branch Developmental Biology and Structural Variation Branch Fertility and Infertility Branch Gynecologic Health and Disease Branch Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Branch Maternal and Pediatric Infectious Disease Branch Obstetric and Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch Pediatric Growth and Nutrition Branch Pediatric Trauma and Critical Illness Branch Population Dynamics Branch Pregnancy and Perinatology Branch National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research Division of Intramural Population Health Research Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch Epidemiology Branch Health Behavior Branch Division of Intramural Research Office of the Scientific Director Scientific Affinity Groups Aquatic Models of Human Development Basic Mechanisms of Genome Regulation Behavioral Determinants and Developmental Imaging Bone and Matrix Biology in Development and Disease Cell and Structural Biology Cell Regulation and Development Developmental Endocrine Oncology and Genetics Genetics and Epigenetics of Development Integrative Membrane, Cell, and Tissue Pathophysiology Metals Biology and Molecular Medicine Neurosciences Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Genetics Perinatal and Obstetrical Research Reproductive Endocrine and Gynecology
National Children's Study The National Children's Study (NCS) was a longitudinal cohort study that planned to recruit participants from across the United States of America. The NCS was led by the National Institutes of Health, with the NICHD serving as the scientific lead. It was intended to measure the many factors that contribute to health and disease from before birth through age 21. This included, but was not limited to, the search for drivers of diseases with prenatal or developmental origins. The Study was closed in December 2014.
Organization Within NICHD, the NCS Program Office administered the implementation of day-to-day Study operations. The Program Office was supervised by the Study Director, Steven Hirschfeld, MD, PhD Associate Director for Clinical Research, NICHD. For advice and recommendations regarding Study framework, content, and methodologies, the NCS Program Office engaged external advisors and scientific groups. These groups included federal partners such as the NCS Federal Advisory Committee and a Federal Consortium with representatives from multiple federal agencies including: the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. An independent Study Monitoring and Oversight Committee monitored study progress and participant safety. In addition to these more formal channels, the NCS solicited feedback from subject matter experts from around the world and from individuals, community advocates, and professional societies concerned with child health. The NCS Program Office also provided public forums for input on a variety of initiatives.
Congressional Mandate The "President's Task Force on Health Risks and Safety Risks to Children" recommended this federal initiative in 1999, after which Congress passed the Children's Health Act of 2000 (Title X, Section 1004). The Act charged NICHD to:
plan, develop, and implement a prospective cohort study, from birth to adulthood, to evaluate the effects of both chronic and intermittent exposures on child health and human development; and investigate basic mechanisms of developmental disorders and environmental factors, both risk and protective, that influence health and developmental processes. The Act required this NCS to:
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