science

National Geographic Institute (Peru)

National Geographic Institute (Peru) is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand National Geographic Institute (Peru) rather than just read about it. In short: The National Geographic Institute (Spanish: Instituto Geográfico Nacional) is the national mapping agency of Peru. It is a decentralized public organization attached to the Ministry of Defence, in charge of the elaboration of the official maps of the country and to support activities related to its development and defense.

Key takeaways

National Geographic Institute (Peru) belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect National Geographic Institute (Peru) to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of National Geographic Institute (Peru) from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

The National Geographic Institute (Spanish: Instituto Geográfico Nacional) is the national mapping agency of Peru. It is a decentralized public organization attached to the Ministry of Defence, in charge of the elaboration of the official maps of the country and to support activities related to its development and defense. Its headquarters are located in Surquillo, Lima.

History On February 13, 1901, when the General Staff of the Army (EMGE) was reorganized and a fourth entity dedicated to topography and cartography was included. On March 6, 1906, President José Pardo y Barreda approved the topographic service under the EMGE. On April 14, 1913, the Army Geographic Service (Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, SGE) was created as a dependency of the EMGE and with a supreme decree of May 14, 1913, the geographical map of Peru was prepared, a mission that until then was fulfilled by the Geographic Society of Lima. With a supreme decree of May 10, 1921, President Augusto B. Leguía entrusted the direction of the SGE to French Colonel Georges Thomas, who established the bases for a "National Charter." In 1938, a Map of Peru was published jointly with the Geographical Society of Lima, at a scale of 1:1,500,000, which was approved by President Oscar R. Benavides and contained the international borders, as well as the interior demarcation (supreme resolutions of November 12, 1934, and January 8, 1935). In 1944 the name of the SGE was changed to the Military Geographic Institute (Instituto Geográfico Militar, IGM). By Supreme Decree of October 10, 1957, the Military Geographic Institute (IGM) is authorized to carry out aerial photogrammetry work for the survey of the National Chart. Through Legislative Decree No. 30 of 1980, the IGM was renamed the National Geographic Institute (IGN), directly dependent on the Ministry of War and with the mission of preparing and updating the National Charter and providing cartographic support to the Army and other Institutes of the Armed Forces and the entities that require it for defense and development purposes. By Law No. 24654 of March 31, 1987 and Legislative Decree No. 434 of September 27, 1987, the IGN was established as a Decentralized Public Organization of the defense sector. On June 13, 2000, Law 27292 of the IGN was promulgated, including its organization and functions, technical directions; (Geography, GIS, Geodesy, Photogrammetry, Cartography, Reproduction; Cartographic School; Regional Directorates). Among the complementary Transitional and Final Provisions, there appears, as in previous legal regulations, the “Obligation of public and private entities to provide information of a geographic cartographic nature, to keep the Cartographic Database updated.”

Chiefs Lieutenant Colonel Carlos Méndez Prieto (1915–1919) Colonel George Thomas (1921–1925) Colonel José A. Vallejo F. (1925–1928) Colonel Ricardo E. Llona (1928–1931) Colonel Gerardo Dianderas Sánchez (1931–1939) Colonel Bernardino Vallenas Fernández (1939–1946) Colonel Gerardo Dianderas Sánchez (1946–1948) Colonel Jorge Sarmiento Calmet (1948–1956) Brigadier General Guillermo Barriga (1956–1963) Colonel Luis Montezuma Delfín (1963–1965) Colonel Enrique Falconi Mejía (Oct 1965–Dec 1966) Brigadier General Marco Fernández Baca (Jan 1967–Jul 1968) Brigadier General Marcial Rubio Escudero (Aug 1968–Dec 1970) Brigadier General Luis Vignes Rodríguez (1972–1973) Brigadier General Héctor Portocarrero Zubiate (Jan–Oct 1974) Colonel Guillermo Fernández Dávila (Nov 1974–Dec 1975) Colonel Oscar De Lama Lora (1976) Colonel Luis Figari Ferreyra (1977) Brigadier General Jorge Luna Salinas (1978) Colonel Luis Figari Ferreyra (1979) Brigadier General Luis Gonzales Cárdenas (1980) Brigadier General Alberto Delgado Velasco (1981–1983) Brigadier General Jorge Rosales Viera (1984–1987) Brigadier General Sergio Valqui Casas (1988) Colonel Luis Effio Alfaro (1989) Brigadier General Juan León Varillas (1990–1991) Brigadier General Alejandro Wendorff Rodríguez (1992–1993) Brigadier General Alberto Delgado Bejarano (1994–1995) Brigadier General Guillermo Rebagliati Escala (1996–1997) Brigadier General José Herrera Rosas (1998–1999) Brigadier General Luis Alberto Muñoz Díaz (2000) Brigadier General Gustavo Bobbio Rosas (2001–2002) Brigadier General Adolfo Carbajal Valdivia (2003–2004) Brigadier General Vargas Vaca Francisco Antonio (2005–Sep 2006) Divisional General (Ret.) Carlos Alfonso Tafur Ganoza (Sep 2006–2011) Brigadier General Pedro Arturo Chocano Ochoa (2012–2013) Brigadier General Jorge Helmutt Sanabria Monroy (2014) Brigadier General Marco Merino Amand (2015–2016) Brigadier General Marco Rodríguez Monge (2017–2018) Brigadier General Fernando Portillo Romero (2019–2021) Brigadier General Gonzalo Eduardo Cabrejos Ramos (2022) Brigadier General Carlos Enrique Bojorquez Quiñonez (2023) Brigadier General Robert Heli Valles Angulo (2024–present)

See also National Aerophotographic Service INGEMMET

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with National Geographic Institute (Peru)

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what National Geographic Institute (Peru) claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to National Geographic Institute (Peru) before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about National Geographic Institute (Peru) ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of National Geographic Institute (Peru)

In research: National Geographic Institute (Peru) appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses National Geographic Institute (Peru) in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: National Geographic Institute (Peru) is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Cartography organizations, Ministry of Defence (Peru), Organizations established in 1981, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for National Geographic Institute (Peru) outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study National Geographic Institute (Peru) in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what National Geographic Institute (Peru) means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain National Geographic Institute (Peru) out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is National Geographic Institute (Peru) in simple terms?

Why does National Geographic Institute (Peru) matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study National Geographic Institute (Peru)?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on National Geographic Institute (Peru).