astronomy

Numa Edward Hartog

Numa Edward Hartog is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Numa Edward Hartog rather than just read about it. In short: Numa Edward Hartog (20 May 1846 – 19 June 1871) was a Jewish British mathematician who attracted attention in 1869 for graduating from Cambridge University as Senior Wrangler and Smith's Prizeman but as a Jew had not been admitted to a fellowship. Hartog's case led to the passage of the Universities Tests Act 1871, which removed religious barriers to holding fellowships at Oxford and Cambridge.

Key takeaways

Numa Edward Hartog belongs to astronomy; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Numa Edward Hartog to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Numa Edward Hartog from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Numa Edward Hartog (20 May 1846 – 19 June 1871) was a Jewish British mathematician who attracted attention in 1869 for graduating from Cambridge University as Senior Wrangler and Smith's Prizeman but as a Jew had not been admitted to a fellowship. Hartog's case led to the passage of the Universities Tests Act 1871, which removed religious barriers to holding fellowships at Oxford and Cambridge.

Biography Hartog was born in London on 20 May 1846 to Alfonse Hartog and Marion Moss. He was the elder brother of Cécile, Héléna, Marcus, and Philip Hartog, and the cousin of Henri Bergson. In his earlier academic career, he attended University College School in London, and then University College London. At Cambridge, he attended Trinity College. He was a trailblazing figure in overcoming religious obstacles to academic achievement in the UK. For example, when his B.A. was awarded, the words In nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti were omitted. However, he was unable to accept a fellowship due to being unable to subscribe to the required test on account of his religion. Within weeks, Solicitor-General John Coleridge of the Gladstone government introduced legislation to rectify the situation. The House of Lords twice rejected bills passed by the House of Commons before finally accepting the Universities Tests Act of 1871; Hartog's testimony before the Lords helped secure its passage. He was a member of the Council of Jews' College and an Honorary Secretary of the Society of Hebrew Literature. Hartog died of smallpox at the age of only 25.

Notes

External links Joseph Jacobs; Goodman Lipkind (1901–1906). "HARTOG, NUMA EDWARD". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 13 February 2011. Henry Samuel Morais (1880). Eminent Israelites of the nineteenth century: A series of biographical sketches. Philadelphia: Edward Stern & Co. pp. 119–122. Retrieved 13 February 2011. "Hartog, Numa Edward (HRTG865NE)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Numa Edward Hartog

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Numa Edward Hartog claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Numa Edward Hartog before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Numa Edward Hartog ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Numa Edward Hartog

In research: Numa Edward Hartog appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Numa Edward Hartog in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Numa Edward Hartog is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1846 births, 1871 deaths, 19th-century British Jews, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Numa Edward Hartog outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

Ask Teacher Smith questions about this articleOpens your AI tutor with a question about “Numa Edward Hartog” →

Affiliate

Preply — study more efficiently by working with a personal tutor. 50% off.

How to study Numa Edward Hartog in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Numa Edward Hartog means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Numa Edward Hartog out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Numa Edward Hartog in simple terms?

Why does Numa Edward Hartog matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Numa Edward Hartog?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Numa Edward Hartog.