engineering

OKO

OKO is a engineering topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand OKO rather than just read about it. In short: OKO (Russian: ОКО, obsolete Russian word for eye, also an abbreviation for Ob'yedinonnyye Kristallom Osnovaniya (Russian: Oбъединённые Кристаллом Oснования, literal meaning Foundations Bound by a Crystal)) is a complex of two skyscrapers located on plot 16 in the Moscow International Business Center (MIBC) in Moscow, Russia. Occupying a total area of about 250,000 square metres (2,700,000 ft2), the mixed-use complex…

OKO — main illustration — OKO — illustration

Key takeaways

OKO belongs to engineering; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect OKO to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of OKO from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

OKO (Russian: ОКО, obsolete Russian word for eye, also an abbreviation for Ob'yedinonnyye Kristallom Osnovaniya (Russian: Oбъединённые Кристаллом Oснования, literal meaning Foundations Bound by a Crystal)) is a complex of two skyscrapers located on plot 16 in the Moscow International Business Center (MIBC) in Moscow, Russia. Occupying a total area of about 250,000 square metres (2,700,000 ft2), the mixed-use complex houses apartments, office space, a 5-star hotel, and other commodities. The two skyscrapers, North Tower and South Tower, are among the tallest skyscrapers in Russia, with the latter being the taller of the two. Rising 354.1 m (1,162 ft), the 85-story South Tower, also known as the OKO Apartment Tower or 16a IBC Tower 1, was the tallest building in Russia and Europe when constructed, until it was surpassed by Federation Tower a few months later. The 49-story North Tower, also known as the OKO Office Tower or 16a IBC Tower 2, is 245 m (804 ft) tall and the 11th tallest building in Russia. The complex also has a large car park, rising 12 stories with a height of 44 m (144 ft).

History

Construction of the OKO complex started in 2011. In the summer of 2014, the South Tower of the OKO complex surpassed the height of the neighboring Mercury City Tower (also in the MIBC) as the tallest building in Russia and Europe, only to be surpassed by the neighboring Vostok/East Tower of the Federation Towers (also in the MIBC) in November 2014, only a few months later. It was also during this period the OKO was the tallest building made of reinforced concrete. On 28 November 2015, the OKO complex was completed and put into operation. On 27 July 2016, the Government of Moscow purchased from the owner of OKO, Capital Group, 55,000 m2 of space in one of the towers of the OKO complex at a cost estimated at 14.3 billion rubles. On 16 December 2016, the tallest skating rink in Europe opened on the roof of the South Tower of the OKO complex at a height of 354 m (1,161 ft). On 30 July 2023, a drone explosion damaged the OKO-2 and IQ-quarter buildings and broke multiple windows, injuring 1.

Design

Overview The facades of the complex are connected with diagonal folds and are linked by a faceted base, giving a noticeable shard effect that defines the towers' appearance. In addition, the towers' canted folds allow each other to recede from one another as they rise. The complex forms an L-shaped composition at the ground plane that is pulled to perimeter of the site. This placement and the facade folds both allow the building to lean over the nearby Third Ring Road. A landscaped plaza sits at the base of the buildings and creates a sheltered, private garden that guides occupants to separate lobbies, in addition to give public space to pedestrians to rest. The building’s all-glass facade offers several features that benefit its occupants. Ventilated mullions can be opened manually to allow natural air flow into the interior. These mullions also help to mitigate stack effect. These features also allow the complex to give out a dynamic and shifting exterior. In addition, the 28th and 49th floors of the North Tower and the 7th, 27th, 46th, 65th and 83rd floors of the South Tower have entresol, so it can be counted 51 and 90 floors in those buildings accordingly.

Features The South Tower is used as a residential building and a hotel. The building also has a skating rink on its roof, the tallest in Europe at a height of 354 m (1,161 ft). The North Tower is used as an office. The complex also has a restaurant and a fitness center.

Construction gallery

See also OKO Tower Mercury City Tower Imperia Tower Eurasia (building) List of tallest buildings in Russia

References

External links

Official website

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with OKO

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what OKO claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In engineering, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to OKO before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about OKO ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of OKO

In research: OKO appears in engineering research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses OKO in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: OKO is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 2015 establishments in Russia, Buildings and structures completed in 2015, Moscow International Business Center, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for OKO outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study OKO in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what OKO means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain OKO out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is OKO in simple terms?

Why does OKO matter?

Because it connects several engineering ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study OKO?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on OKO.

OKO