In programming languages (especially functional programming languages) and type theory, an option type or maybe type is a polymorphic type that represents encapsulation of an optional value; e.g., it is used as the return type of functions which may or may not return a meaningful value when they are applied. It consists of a constructor which either is empty (often named None or Nothing), or which encapsulates the original data type A (often written Just A or Some A). A distinct, but related concept outside of functional programming, which is popular in object-oriented programming, is called nullable types (often expressed as A?). The core difference between option types and nullable types is that option types support nesting (e.g. Maybe (Maybe String) ≠ Maybe String), while nullable types do not (e.g. String?? = String?).
Theoretical aspects In type theory, it may be written as: A ? = A + 1 {\displaystyle A^{?}=A+1} . This expresses the fact that for a given set of values in A {\displaystyle A} , an option type adds exactly one additional value (the empty value) to the set of valid values for A {\displaystyle A} . This is reflected in programming by the fact that in languages having tagged unions, option types can be expressed as the tagged union of the encapsulated type plus a unit type. An option type is a particular case of a tagged union, where the Nothing is taken as (nullary constructor for a) singleton type. Tagged unions can generally be implemented by a combination of union types and record types using occurrence typing. The option type is also a monad where:
The monadic nature of the option type is useful for efficiently tracking failure and errors.
Examples
Ada Ada does not implement option-types directly, however it provides discriminated types which can be used to parameterize a record. To implement an Option type, a Boolean type is used as the discriminant; the following example provides a generic to create an option type from any non-limited constrained type:
Example usage:
Agda
In Agda, the option type is named Maybe with variants nothing and just a.
ATS
In ATS, the option type is defined as
C++ Since C++17, the option type is defined in the standard library as template <typename T> optional<T>.
In C++23, support for monadic operations for std::optional<T> is available.
Elm
In Elm, the option type is defined as type Maybe a = Just a | Nothing.
F#
In F#, the option type is defined as type 'a option = None | Some of 'a.
Haskell
In Haskell, the option type is defined as data Maybe a = Nothing | Just a.
Idris
In Idris, the option type is defined as data Maybe a = Nothing | Just a.
Java
In Java, the option type is defined the standard library by the java.util.Optional<T> class.
Nim
OCaml
In OCaml, the option type is defined as type 'a option = None | Some of 'a.
Rocq
In Rocq, the option type is defined as Inductive option (A:Type) : Type := | Some : A -> option A | None : option A..
Rust
In Rust, the option type is defined as enum Option<T> { None, Some(T) }.
Scala
In Scala, the option type is defined as sealed abstract class Option[+A], a type extended by final case class Some[+A](value: A) and case object None.
Standard ML
In Standard ML, the option type is defined as datatype 'a option = NONE | SOME of 'a.
Swift
In Swift, the option type is defined as enum Optional<T> { case none, some(T) } but is generally written as T?.
Zig
In Zig, add ? before the type name like ?i32 to make it an optional type. Payload n can be captured in an if or while statement, such as if (opt) |n| { ... } else { ... }, and an else clause is evaluated if it is null.
See also Result type Tagged union Nullable type Null object pattern Exception handling Pattern matching
References
