Organophosphines are organophosphorus compounds with the formula PRnH3−n, where R is an organic substituent. These compounds can be classified according to the value of n: primary phosphines (n = 1), secondary phosphines (n = 2), tertiary phosphines (n = 3). All adopt pyramidal structures. Organophosphines are generally colorless, lipophilic liquids or solids. The parent of the organophosphines is phosphine (PH3).
1° vs 2° vs 3° phosphines Organophophines are classified according to the number of organic substituents.
Primary phosphines Primary (1°) phosphines, with the formula RPH2, in principle are derived by alkylation of phosphine. Some simple alkyl derivatives such as methylphosphine (CH3PH2) can be prepared by alkylation of phosphine in the presence of base:
MPH2 + RX → RPH2 + MX (M = Li, Na, K) A more common synthetic route involves reduction of chlorophosphines with hydride reagents. For example, reduction of dichlorophenylphosphine with lithium aluminium hydride affords phenylphosphine according to the following idealized equation:
2 RPCl2 + LiAlH4 → 2 RPH2 + LiCl + AlCl3 Most primary phosphines are pyrophoric in air.
Secondary phosphines Secondary (2°) phosphines, with the formula R2PH, are prepared analogously to the primary phosphines. They are also obtained by alkali-metal reductive cleavage of triarylphosphines followed by hydrolysis of the resulting phosphide salt. The latter route is employed to prepare diphenylphosphine (Ph2PH). Diorganophosphinic acids, R2P(O)OH, can also be reduced with diisobutylaluminium hydride. Secondary phosphines are mildly protic in character. Secondary phosphines occur in cyclic forms. Three-membered rings are phosphiranes (unsaturated: phosphirenes), five-membered rings are phospholanes (unsaturated: phosphole), and six-membered rings are phosphinanes.
Tertiary phosphines Tertiary (3°) phosphines, with the formula R3P, are traditionally prepared by alkylation of phosphorus trichloride using Grignard reagents or related organolithium compounds:
3 RMgX + PCl3 → PR3 + 3 MgX2 In the case of trimethylphosphine, triphenyl phosphite is used in place of the highly electrophilic PCl3:
3 CH3MgBr + P(OC6H5)3 → P(CH3)3 + 3 C6H5OMgBr Slightly more elaborate methods are employed for the preparation of unsymmetrical tertiary phosphines, with the formula R2R'P. The use of organophosphorus-based nucleophiles is typical. For example, lithium diphenylphosphide is readily methylated with methyl iodide to give methyldiphenylphosphine:
LiiP(C6H5)2 + CH3I → CH3P(C6H5)2 + LiI Phosphine is a precursor to some tertiary phosphines by hydrophosphination of alkenes. For example, in the presence of basic catalysts PH3 adds of Michael acceptors such as acrylonitrile:
PH3 + 3 CH2=CHZ → P(CH2CH2Z)3 (Z = NO2, CN, C(O)NH2) Tertiary phosphines of the type PRR′R″ are "P-chiral" and optically stable. From the commercial perspective, the most important phosphine is triphenylphosphine, several million kilograms being produced annually. It is prepared from the reaction of chlorobenzene, PCl3, and sodium. Phosphines of a more specialized nature are usually prepared by other routes.
Di- and triphosphines
Diphosphines are also available in primary, secondary, and tertiary phosphorus substituents. Triphosphines etc. are similar.
Structure and bonding Organophosphines, like phosphine itself, are pyramidal molecules with approximate C3v symmetry. The C–P–C bond angles are approximately 98.6°. The C–P–C bond angles are consistent with the notion that phosphorus predominantly uses the 3p orbitals for forming bonds and that there is little sp hybridization of the phosphorus atom. The latter is a common feature of the chemistry of phosphorus. As a result, the lone pair of trimethylphosphine has predominantly s-character as is the case for phosphine, PH3. Tertiary phosphines are pyramidal. When the organic substituents all differ, the phosphine is chiral and configurationally stable (in contrast to NRR'R"). Complexes derived from the chiral phosphines can catalyse reactions to give chiral, enantioenriched products.
Comparison of phosphines and amines The phosphorus atom in phosphines has a formal oxidation state −3 (σ3λ3) and are the phosphorus analogues of amines. Like amines, phosphines have a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry although often with smaller C-E-C angles (E = N, P), at least in the absence of steric effects. The C-P-C bond angle is 98.6° for trimethylphosphine increasing to 109.7° when the methyl groups are replaced by tert-butyl groups. When used as ligands, the steric bulk of tertiary phosphines is evaluated by their cone angle. The barrier to pyramidal inversion is also much higher than nitrogen inversion to occur, and therefore phosphines with three different substituents can be resolved into thermally stable optical isomers. Phosphines are often less basic than corresponding amines, for instance the phosphonium ion itself has a pKa of −14 compared to 9.21 for the ammonium ion; trimethylphosphonium has a pKa of 8.65 compared to 9.76 for trimethylammonium. However, triphenylphosphine (pKa 2.73) is more basic than triphenylamine (pKa −5), mainly because the lone pair of the nitrogen in NPh3 is partially delocalized into the three phenyl rings. Whereas the lone pair on nitrogen is delocalized in pyrrole, the lone pair on phosphorus atom in the phosphorus equivalent of pyrrole (phosphole) is not. The reactivity of phosphines matches that of amines with regard to nucleophilicity in the formation of phosphonium salts with the general structure PR4+X−. This property is used in the Appel reaction for converting alcohols to alkyl halides. Phosphines are easily oxidized to the corresponding phosphine oxides, whereas amine oxides are less readily generated. In part for this reason, phosphines are very rarely encountered in nature.
Reactions
Coordination chemistry
Tertiary phosphines are often used as ligands in coordination chemistry. The binding of phosphines bind to metals, which serve as Lewis acids. For example, silver chloride reacts with triphenylphosphine to 1;1 and 1:2 complexes:
PPh3 + AgCl → ClAgPPh3 PPh3 + ClAgPPh3 → ClAg(PPh3)2 The adducts formed from phosphines and borane are useful reagents. These phosphine-boranes are air-stable, but the borane protecting group can be removed by treatment with amines.
… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.
