The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to immunology: Immunology – study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. It deals with the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.
Essence of immunology Immunology
Branch of Biomedical science Immune system Immunity Branches of immunology:
General Immunology Basic Immunology Advanced Immunology Medical Immunology Pharmaceutical Immunology Clinical Immunology Environmental Immunology Cellular and Molecular Immunology Food and Agricultural Immunology
Classical immunology Clinical immunology Computational immunology Diagnostic immunology Evolutionary immunology Systems immunology Immunomics Immunoproteomics Immunophysics Immunochemistry Ecoimmunology Immunopathology Nutritional immunology Psychoneuroimmunology Reproductive immunology Circadian immunology Immunotoxicology Palaeoimmunology Tissue-based immunology Testicular immunology - Testes Immunodermatology - Skin Intravascular immunology - Blood Osteoimmunology - Bone Mucosal immunology - Mucosal surfaces Respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system - Respiratory tract Neuroimmunology - Neuroimmune system in the Central nervous system Ocularimmunology - Ocular immune system in the Eye Cancer immunology/Immunooncology - Tumors
History of immunology History of immunology
Timeline of immunology
General immunological concepts Immunity: Immunity against: Pathogens Pathogenic bacteria Viruses Fungi Protozoa Parasites Tumors Allergens Self-proteins Autoimmunity Alloimmunity Cross-reactivity Tolerance Central tolerance Peripheral tolerance Clonal anergy Clonal deletion Tolerance in pregnancy Immunodeficiency Antigen Antigenicity Immunogen Superantigen Allergen Hapten Epitope Linear Conformational Mimotope Tumor antigen Antigen-antibody interaction Immunogenetics Affinity maturation Somatic hypermutation Clonal selection V(D)J recombination Artemis complex Recombination-activating gene RAG1 RAG2 Recombination signal sequences Junctional diversity Immunoglobulin class switching Allelic exclusion Polyclonal response Phagocytosis Opsonin Intrinsic immunity Leukocyte extravasation Cross-presentation Immune repertoire Original antigenic sin Antigen presentation Immunological synapse Co-stimulation
Components of the immune system Immune system
Adaptive immune system Adaptive immune system
Humoral immunity Antibodies Kinds of antibodies Monoclonal antibodies Polyclonal antibodies Autoantibody Microantibody Neutralizing antibody Classification Allotype Isotype Idiotype Functions Antibody opsonization Neutralisation Regions Paratope Complementarity-determining region (CDRs) Hypervariable region Framework region Fab Region Fc Region Polyclonal B cell response Cell-mediated immunity
Innate immune system Innate immune system
Complement system Classical complement pathway Mannan-binding lectin pathway Alternate complement pathway Complement membrane attack complex Surface barriers – Physical or chemical barriers that prevent infection (i.e. skin, tears, mucus, saliva, Gastric acid, etc.) Antimicrobial peptides Defensins Lysozyme Inflammation Inflammatory reflex Inflammasome Granuloma Acute-phase proteins Amyloid
Positive
Negative
Organs of the immune system Lymphatic system
Primary lymphoid organs Primary lymphoid organs
Thymus - Site of T cell maturation Bone marrow - Site of haematopoiesis and B cell maturation
Secondary lymphoid organs Secondary lymphoid organs
Spleen White pulp Red pulp Marginal zone Lymph nodes Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Gut-associated lymphoid tissue Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue
Cells of the immune system White blood cells
Myeloid cells
Granulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Mast cells Monocytes Macrophages Histiocytes (Tissue resident macrophages) Adipose tissue macrophages Kupffer cell - Liver Alveolar macrophage (Dust cell) - Lung Langerhans cell - Skin Dermal macrophage - Dermis Microglia - CNS Perivascular macrophage Meningeal macrophage - Meninges Hofbauer cell - Placenta Osteoclasts - Bone Bone marrow macrophage - Bone marrow Marginal zone macrophage - Spleen Metallophilic macrophage - Spleen Red pulp macrophage - Splenic red pulp Tingible body macrophage (White pulp macrophage) - Splenic white pulp Giant cells Foreign-body giant cell Langhans giant cell Touton giant cells Epithelioid cells Bone marrow-derived macrophages - Generated in vitro Dendritic Cells Conventional Dendritic Cells Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
Lymphoid cells Lymphoid cells
B cells Plasma B cells Memory B cells B-1 cells B-2 cells (the conventional B cells most texts refer to) Marginal-zone B cells Follicular B cells T cells Naive T cells Helper T cells - Commonly termed CD4+ T cells Th1 cells Th2 cells Th3 cells Th17 cells TFH cells - Follicular helper T cells Cytotoxic T cells - Commonly termed CD8+ T cells Memory T cells Regulatory T cells Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells) γδ T cells Mucosal associated invariant T cells Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) Group 1 ILC Natural killer cells (NK cells) Group 2 ILC Nuocyte Group 3 ILC Lymphoid Tissue inducer cells (LTi cells)
Others (Non-hematopoietic cells with immune functions) Stromal cells Lymph node stromal cells Follicular dendritic cells Epithelial cells Pericytes Microfold cells (M cells)
Hematopoiesis
Lymphopoiesis Lymphoblast Prolymphocyte T cell development Thymocyte B cell development Pre-pro-B cell Early pro-B cell Late pro-B cell Large pre-B cell Small pre-B cell Immature B cell Myelopoiesis Common myeloid progenitor (CFU-GEMM) Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor (CFU-GM) Granulopoiesis Myeloblast (CFU-G) Promyelocyte Myelocyte Metamyelocyte Band cell Monocytopoiesis Monoblast (CFU-M) CFU-DL - Dendritic cell / Langerhans cell precursor Promonocyte CFU-Baso (Basophil precursor) CFU-Eos (Eosinophil precursor) Megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell (MEP) Megakaryocytopoiesis CFU-Meg Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Thrombopoiesis Thrombocyte (Platelets) Erythropoiesis Proerythroblast Normoblast Reticulocyte CFU-Mast Mast cell precursors
Molecules of the immune system
Immune receptors
Antigen receptors B cells Antigen receptor - B cell receptor (BCR) Subunits- Immunoglobulin heavy chain / Immunoglobulin light chain Co-receptors Stimulatory CD21 CD19 CD81 Inhibitory CD22 Accessory molecule (CD79) Ig-α (CD79A) Ig-β (CD79B) T cells Antigen receptor - T cell receptor (TCR) Subunits - TRA@ / TRB@ / TRD@ / TRG@ Co-receptors CD8 (CD8α / CD8β) CD4 Accessory molecules CD3 Subunits - one CD3γ / one CD3δ / two CD3ε ζ-chain (CD247, CD3ζ, TCRζ)
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) Pattern recognition receptor
Membrane-bound PRRs Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)
Group 1 CLRs - Mannose receptors
Group 2 CLRs - Asialoglycoprotein receptor family
Dectin 1 subfamily
DCIR subfamily
Scavenger receptors Class A - Trimers
Class B - Two transmembrane domains
Others
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)
Cytoplasmic PRRs NOD-like receptors (NLRs) NLRA (A for acidic transactivating domain) CIITA NLRB (B for BIR, or Inhibitor of apoptosis domain) NAIP NLRC (C for CARD domain)
NLRP (P for Pyrin domain)
NLRX NLRX1 RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) - Intracellular sensors of viral replication by direct interaction with dsRNA
Secreted PRRs Complement system (see complement proteins section) Collectins
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs)
Ficolins
Complement receptors Complement receptor
CR1 (CD35) CR2 (CD21) CR3 - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18 CR4 - Heterodimer: CD11c / CD18 CRIg (Complement receptor of the immunoglobulin family) Anaphylatoxin receptors C3a receptor C5a receptor (CD88) C5AR2
Fc receptors Fc receptor
Fc-gamma receptors (FcγR) FcγRI (CD64) FcγRIIA (CD32A) FcγRIIB (CD32B) FcγRIIIA (CD16a) FcγRIIIB (CD16b) FcγRT (Neonatal Fc receptor) Fc-alpha receptors (FcαR) FcαRI (CD89, FCAR) Fcα/μR Fc-epsilon receptors (FcεR) FcεRI - Tetramer: FCER1A / FCER1B / two FCER1G FcεRII (CD23) Secreted Fc receptors Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (poly-Ig) Fc receptor-like molecules
Cytokine receptors Cytokine receptor
Type I cytokine receptors (Hemopoietin receptors) - Share extracellular WSXWS motif, Grouped by common receptor subunits Common gamma chain (γ-chain, CD132) IL2R - Heterotrimer: IL2RA (CD25) / IL2RB (CD122) / γc IL4R / IL13R - Heterodimer: IL4RA / (IL13RA1/IL13RA2) IL7R - Heterodimer: IL7RA (CD127) / γ-chain IL9R - Heterodimer: IL9R / γ-chain IL15R - Heterotrimer: IL15RA / IL2RB / γ-chain IL21R - Heterodimer: IL21R / γ-chain Common beta chain (β-chain, CD131) IL3R - Heterodimer: IL3RA / β-chain IL5R - Heterodimer: IL5RA / β-chain GM-CSFR (CD116) - Heterdimer: GM-CSFRA / β-chain Common gp130 subunit (gp130, CD130) IL6R - Heterodimer: IL6RA / gp130 IL11R - Heterodimer: IL11RA / gp130 IL27R - Heterodimer: IL27RA / gp130 OSMR - Heterodimer: OSMR / gp130 LIFR (CD118) - Heterodimer: LIFR / gp130 IL12 receptor beta 1 subunit (IL12RB1) IL12R - Heterodimer: IL12RB1 / IL12RB2 IL23R - Heterodimer: IL23RA / IL12RB1 Others EPOR (Erythropoietin receptor) - Homodimer G-CSFR (CD114) - Homodimer upon ligand binding MPL (CD110, Thrombopoietin receptor) - Homodimer upon ligand binding GHR (Growth hormone receptor) - Homodimer upon ligand binding PRLR (Prolactin receptor) Type II cytokine receptor - Lack WSXWS motif Interferon receptors Interferon-α/β receptor (IFNAR) - Heterodimer: IFNAR1 / IFNAR2 Interferon-γ receptor (IFNGR) - Heterodimer: IFNGR1 / IFNGR2 Interleukin receptors IL10R - Heterodimer: IL10RA / IL10RB IL20R - Heterodimer: IL20RA / IL20RB IL22R - Heterodimer: IL22RA1 / IL10RB IL28R - Heterodimer: IL28RA / IL10RB Immunoglobulin superfamily (Some members) CSF1 CD117 (c-KIT) IL1 receptor family (IL1R) IL1R type 1 (CD121a) IL1R type 2 (CD121b) IL1R accessory protein (IL1RAP) IL1RL1 (IL33R, ST2) IL18R - Heterodimer: IL18R1 / IL18RAP IL17 family IL17RA IL17RB IL17RC IL17RD IL17RE Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family - Trimeric cytokine receptors
Chemokine receptors - 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors CC chemokine receptors (CCRs)
CXC chemokine receptors (CXCRs)
C chemokine receptors (XCRs) XCR1 CX3C chemokine receptors (CX3CRs) CX3CR1 (Fractalkine receptor) TGF beta receptors - Single transmembrane pass serine/threonine kinase receptors TGFBR1 TGFBR2 TGFBR3
Natural killer cell receptors Natural killer cell receptors
Killer activation receptors (KARs) Natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs)
Natural killer group 2 receptors (NKG2s)
Activating KIRs KIR2DS1 Killer inhibitory receptors (KIRs) Two domains, long cytoplasmic tail
Two domains, short cytoplasmic tail
Three domains, long cytoplasmic tail
Three domains, short cytoplasmic tail KIR3DS1
Others Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs) LILR subfamily A
LILR subfamily B
Eicosanoid receptors
Antibodies Antibodies
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) IgA1 IgA2 Immunoglobulin D (IgD) Immunoglobulin E (IgE) Immunoglobulin G (IgG) IgG1 IgG2 IgG3 IgG4 Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
Cytokines Cytokine
Chemokines
CC chemokines
CXC chemokines
C chemokines XCL1 XCL2 CX3C chemokines CX3CL1 (Fractalkine, Neurotactin) Interferons Interferon type I IFN-α IFN-β IFN-ω Interferon type II IFN-γ Interleukins
Tumor necrosis factors
Colony stimulating factors CSF1 (M-CSF) CSF2 (GM-CSF) CSF3 (G-CSF)
MHCs Major histocompatibility complex
MHC class I
MHC class II
Complement proteins Early stage (divided by pathway) Classical complement pathway C1Q complex - C1R / C1S C4 - C4a C2 Mannan-binding lectin pathway MASP1 / MASP2 Mannan-binding lectin Alternative complement pathway Factor B Factor D Factor P (Properdin) Middle stage C3 - C3a / C3b / iC3b C5 - C5a C3-convertase C5-convertase Late stage Membrane attack complex (MAC) C6 C7 C8 C9 Complement pathway inhibitors C1-inhibitor - Classical, Lectin, Alternate Decay-accelerating factor (CD59) - Classical, Lectin, Alternate Factor I - Classical, Lectin, Alternate C4BP - Classical, Lectin Factor H - Alternate
Antimicrobial peptides Antimicrobial peptides
Transcription factors NF-κB AP-1 Interferon regulatory factors (IRF) NFAT
T-bet - TH1 differentiation GATA3 - TH2 differentiation RORγT - TH17 differentiation BCL6 - TFH differentiation FoxP3 - Treg differentiation
Signaling pathways JAK-STAT signaling pathway
TGF beta signaling pathway TLR signalling pathway
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) Cell adhesion molecules
Integrins - Obligate heterodimers of one alpha and one beta subunits Alpha subunits
Beta subunits
Dimers Cytoadhesin receptor Integrin alpha6beta4 Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa - Heterodimer: ITGA2B / ITGB3 Fibrinogen receptor Macrophage-1 antigen (CR3) - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18 Fibronectin receptor: Integrin alpha2beta1 Integrin alpha4beta1 Integrin alpha5beta1 Leukocyte-adhesion receptor: LFA-1 - Heterodimer: CD11a / CD18 Macrophage-1 antigen (CR3) - Heterodimer: CD11b / CD18 Integrin alphaXbeta2 (CR4) - Heterodimer: CD11c / CD18 Very late antigen receptor: Integrin alpha1beta1 Integrin alpha2beta1 Integrin alpha3beta1 VLA-4 - Heterodimer: CD49d / CD29 Alpha-5 beta-1 Integrin alpha6beta1 Vitronectin receptor: Alpha-v beta-3 Alpha-v beta-5 Immunoglobulin superfamily CAMs SynCAMs - Synaptic cell adhesion molecules NCAMs - Neural cell adhesion molecules Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs)
VCAM-1 (CD106) PECAM-1 (CD31) L1 family
SIGLEC family - Sialic acid binding lectins
CTX family
Nectins
CD2 family CD2 CD58 Signaling lymphocytic activation molecules (SLAMs)
Cadherins Selectins E-selectin L-selectin P-selectin Others Lymphocyte homing receptors CD34 GLYCAM-1 Addressin (MAdCAM-1) CD44 Carcinoembryonic antigens
CD24 CD44 CD146 CD164
Others CD69 Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors
Co-stimulatory molecules CD80 - Expressed by APCs CD86 - Expressed by APCs CD28 family receptors CD28 - Expressed by T Cells CD278 (ICOS) - Homodimer, expressed by T Cells CTLA-4 (CD152) PD-1 (CD279)
Immune system disorders Immune disorder
Hypersensitivity and Allergy
Type 1 hypersensitivity / Allergy / Atopy Foreign (Allergen) Atopic eczema Allergic urticaria Allergic rhinitis (Hay fever) Allergic asthma Anaphylaxis Food allergy Milk allergy Egg allergy Peanut allergy Tree nut allergy Seafood allergy Soy allergy Wheat allergy Garlic allergy Penicillin allergy
Type 2 hypersensitivity / Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) Foreign Pernicious anemia Hemolytic disease of the newborn Autoimmune Cytotoxic Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Bullous pemphigoid Pemphigus vulgaris Rheumatic fever Goodpasture's syndrome Type 5 / Receptor mediated Graves' disease Myasthenia gravis Type 3 hypersensitivity / Immune complex Foreign Henoch–Schönlein purpura Hypersensitivity vasculitis Reactive arthritis Farmer's lung Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis Serum sickness Arthus reaction Autoimmune Systemic lupus erythematosus Subacute bacterial endocarditis Rheumatoid arthritis Type 4 hypersensitivity (Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity) Foreign Allergic contact dermatitis Mantoux test Autoimmune Diabetes mellitus type 1 Hashimoto's thyroiditis Guillain–Barré syndrome Multiple sclerosis Coeliac disease Giant-cell arteritis GVHD (Graft-versus-host disease) Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease Unknown/Multiple types Foreign Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Transplant rejection Latex allergy (I+IV) Autoimmune Sjögren's syndrome Autoimmune hepatitis Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS1 / APS2) Autoimmune adrenalitis Systemic autoimmune disease
Immunodeficiency Immunodeficiency
Primary immunodeficiency Acquired immunodeficiency Complement deficiency
Cancers of the immune system
}}
Myeloid diseases
Inflammatory diseases Sepsis Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) Cytokine storm
Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders
Lymphatic organ disease
Immunologic techniques and tests Flow cytometry Mass cytometry Histology Adoptive cell transfer Experiments in immunology Genetically modified mouse Immunofluorescence Immunofixation Immunoadsorption MHC multimer Hybridoma technology Rabbit hybridoma Developmental studies hybridoma bank
Immunology and health Prevention Immunostimulants Immunotherapy Activation immunotherapy Cancer immunotherapy Autologous immune enhancement therapy Immunosuppression Sublingual immunotherapy Allergen immunotherapy Immunosuppressive drug
Artificial induction of immunity Immunization Active immunotherapy Passive immunity Temporarily induced immunity Adoptive immunity Vaccination Vaccine-naive Vaccine Herd immunity Adjuvant
Organ transplantation Allotransplant Transplant rejection
Immunologists List of immunologists
Immunology lists List of autoimmune diseases List of immunologists List of viruses List of human clusters of differentiation List of vaccine ingredients List of allergens List of cytokines List of cytokine receptors List of pattern recognition receptors List of tissue-resident macrophages List of branches of immunology List of acute-phase proteins List of immune cells
References
External links
BMC: Immunology- BioMed Central:Immunology is an open access journal publishing original peer-reviewed research articles. Nature Reviews Immunology (journal home) Janeway's Immunobiology textbook Searchable free online version at the National Center for Biotechnology Information Overview at Medical College of Georgia MUGEN NoE murine models for immunological disease Transplantation Immunology Interesting web site made by the faculty of medicine of the University of Geneva dealing with the immunological issues linked with the transplantation of materials genetically different between donor and recipient (hematopoietical stem cells, organs or the transfusion of blood). Online lectures in immunology University of South Carolina BRT-Burleson Research Technologies Tests the effects of pharmaceuticals in the developmental stage on the immune system.