The following outline is provided as an overview of and introduction to Oceanography.
Oceanography (from Ancient Greek ὠκεανός (ōkeanós) 'ocean' and γραφή (graphḗ) 'writing'), also known as oceanology, sea science, ocean science, and marine science, is the scientific study of the ocean, including its physics, chemistry, biology, and geology. It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries; ecosystem dynamics; and plate tectonics and seabed geology. Oceanographers draw upon a wide range of disciplines to deepen their understanding of the world’s oceans, incorporating insights from astronomy, biology, chemistry, geography, geology, hydrology, meteorology and physics. (See: main article.) Below is a structured list of topics on oceanography.
What type of thing is oceanography? Oceanography can be described as all of the following:
The study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean An academic discipline – branch of knowledge that is taught and researched at the college or university level. Disciplines are defined (in part), and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and the learned societies and academic departments or faculties to which their practitioners belong. A scientific field (a branch of science) – widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies its own terminology and nomenclature. Such a field will usually be represented by one or more scientific journals, where peer-reviewed research is published. There are several geophysics-related scientific journals. A natural science – one that seeks to elucidate the rules that govern the natural world using empirical and scientific methods. A physical science – one that studies non-living systems. An earth science – one that studies the planet Earth and its surroundings. A biological science – one that studies the effect of organisms on their physical environment.
Basic oceanography concepts, processes, theories and terminology Accretion (coastal management) – The process of coastal sediment returning to the visible portion of a beach Acoustic seabed classification – The partitioning of a seabed acoustic image into discrete physical entities or classes Acoustical oceanography – The use of underwater sound to study the sea, its boundaries and its contents Advection – The transport of a substance by bulk motion Ageostrophy – The real condition that works against geostrophic wind or geostrophic currents in the ocean, and works against an exact balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force Astrooceanography – The study of oceans outside planet Earth Atlantic Equatorial mode – A quasiperiodic interannual climate pattern of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean Baroclinity – A measure of misalignment between the gradient of pressure and the gradient of density in a fluid Barotropic fluid – A fluid whose density is a function of pressure only Barrier layer (oceanography) – A layer of water separating the well-mixed surface layer from the thermocline Bathometer – An instrument for measuring water depth Bathymetry – The study of underwater depth of lake or ocean floors Benthic boundary layer – The layer of water directly above the sediment at the bottom of a river, lake or sea Beta plane – An approximation whereby the Coriolis parameter, ƒ, is set to vary linearly in space Biosphere – The global sum of all ecosystems on Earth Bioturbation – The reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants Borders of the oceans – The limits of the Earth's oceanic waters Bottom water – The lowermost water mass in a water body Brunt–Väisälä frequency – The angular frequency at which a vertically displaced parcel will oscillate within a statically stable environment Cabbeling – When two separate water parcels mix to form a third which is denser and sinks below both constituents Carbonate compensation depth – Depth in the oceans below which no calcium carbonate sediment particles are preserved Chemocline – A cline caused by a strong, vertical chemistry gradient within a body of water Climate inertia – The widespread inherent characteristic of the climate to take a considerable time to respond to a changed input Cold core ring – A type of oceanic eddy, characterized as unstable, time-dependent swirling 'cells' that separate from their respective ocean current and move into water bodies with different characteristics Color of water – The variability of water colour with ambient conditions Conservative temperature – A thermodynamic property of seawater that represents the heat content Coriolis frequency – Frequency of inertial oscillation at the Earth's surface resulting from the Coriolis effect Cum sole – A Latin phrase meaning with the sun, sometimes used in meteorology and physical oceanography to refer to anticyclonic motion Currentology – A science that studies the internal movements of water masses Deep chlorophyll maximum – A subsurface maximum in the concentration of chlorophyll in the ocean or a lake. Deep sea community – Groups of organisms living deep below the sea surface sharing a habitat Deep-sea exploration – The investigation of conditions on the sea bed, for scientific or commercial purposes Density ratio – A measure of the relative contributions of temperature and salinity in determining the density gradient in a seawater column Dynamic topography – Elevation changes caused by the flow within the Earth's mantle Gas hydrate stability zone – A zone and depth of the marine environment at which methane clathrates naturally exist in the Earth's crust Ecosystem-based management – An environmental management approach that recognizes the full array of interactions within an ecosystem Ekman velocity – Wind induced part of the total horizontal velocity in the upper layer of water of the open ocean such that Coriolis force is balanced by wind force Ferromanganese nodules – The result of ion exchange reactions that precipitate ore components from the water (sedimentary) or out of the interstitial water of the sediments layers (diagenetic). Geostrophic current – An oceanic flow in which the pressure gradient force is balanced by the Coriolis effect Geostrophic wind – The theoretical wind that would result from an exact balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force Hadley cell – A global scale tropical atmospheric circulation feature Halocline – Stratification of a body of water due to salinity differences Harmful algal bloom – Population explosion of organisms that can severely lower oxygen levels in natural waters, killing marine life High-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions – Regions of the ocean where the abundance of phytoplankton is low and fairly constant despite the availability of macronutrients Hough function – The eigenfunctions of Laplace's tidal equations which govern fluid motion on a rotating sphere Hydrometeorology – A branch of meteorology and hydrology that studies the transfer of water and energy between the land surface and the lower atmosphere Isopycnal – A line connecting points of a specific density or potential density Kolk (vortex) – An underwater vortex created when rapidly rushing water passes an underwater obstacle in boundary areas of high shear.(landform) Langmuir circulation – A series of shallow, slow, counter-rotating vortices at the ocean's surface aligned with the wind Lithogenic silica – Silica that originates from terrestrial sources of rock and soil Longshore drift – Sediment moved by the longshore current Lower shoreface – The portion of the seafloor, and the sedimentary depositional environment, that lies below the everyday wave base Lunitidal interval – The time lag from the Moon passing overhead, to the next high or low tide. Lysocline – Depth in the ocean below which the rate of dissolution of calcite increases dramatically Marine clay – A type of clay found in coastal regions around the world Marine debris – Human-created solid waste in the sea or ocean Marine energy – Energy stored in the waters of oceans Marine outfall – A pipeline or tunnel that discharges municipal or industrial wastewater, stormwater, combined sewer overflows, cooling water, or brine effluents from water desalination plants to the sea Marine pollution – Marine protected area – Protected areas of seas, oceans, estuaries or large lakes Marine sediment – Deposits of insoluble particles that have accumulated on the seafloor. Marine spatial planning – A process that brings together multiple users of the ocean – including energy, industry, government, conservation and recreation – to make informed and coordinated decisions about how to use marine resources sustainably. Marine technology – Technologies used in marine environments Maritime Continent – The region of Southeast Asia which comprises, amongst other countries, Indonesia, Philippines and Papua New Guinea Maritime geography – Mean High Water – The average of all the high water heights observed over a period of several years Mean high water spring – Average level of the spring high tides over a fairly long period of time Mean low water spring – Average level of the spring low tides over a fairly long period of time Metasilicic acid – The hypothetical chemical compound with formula H2SiO3 Metocean – The syllabic abbreviation of meteorology and (physical) oceanography. Microturbulence – Turbulence that varies over small distance scales Military meteorology – Meteorology applied to military purposes Mixed layer – A layer in which active turbulence has homogenized some range of depths. Mixing length model – A method to describe momentum transfer by turbulence Reynolds stresses within a Newtonian fluid boundary layer by means of an eddy viscosity Mode water – A type of water mass which is nearly vertically homogeneous Nepheloid layer – A layer of water in the deep ocean basin, above the ocean floor, that contains significant amounts of suspended sediment Neritic zone – The relatively shallow part of the ocean above the drop-off of the continental shelf Neutral density – A density variable used in oceanography New production – Marine biological processes using nutrients from outside the euphotic zone Ocean – A body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere Ocean bank – A part of the sea which is shallow compared to its surrounding area Ocean color – Explanation of the colour of oceans and ocean colour radiometry Ocean Data Standards – Ocean dredging – A technique for ocean bottom sampling Ocean exploration – A part of oceanography describing the exploration of ocean surfaces Ocean heat content – Thermal energy stored in ocean water Ocean observations – List of currently feasible essential observations for climate research Ocean surface topography – The shape of the ocean surface relative to the geoid Ocean turbidity – A measure of the amount of cloudiness or haziness in sea water caused by individual particles that are too small to be seen without magnification Ocean zoning – A policy approach for environmental resource management in oceanic environments (political) Oceanic physical-biological process – Hydrodynamic and hydrostatic effects on marine organisms Ophiolite – Uplifted and exposed oceanic crust Orthosilicic acid – Chemical compound assumed present in dilute solutions of silicon dioxide in water Phycosphere – A microscale mucus region that is rich in organic matter surrounding a phytoplankton cell Pierson–Moskowitz spectrum – An empirical relationship that defines the distribution of energy with frequency within the ocean Pockmark (geology) – Craters in the seabed caused by gas and liquids erupting and streaming through the sediments Potential temperature – The temperature that a fluid would attain if adiabatically brought to a standard reference pressure Potential vorticity – A simplified approach for understanding fluid motions in a rotating system Pycnocline – Layer where the density gradient is greatest within a body of water Region of freshwater influence – Regions where rivers debouch into estuaries and coastal shelf seas where the currents patterns are governed by density differences between salt sea water and fresh river water Rossby radius of deformation – The length scale at which rotational effects become as important as buoyancy or gravity wave effects in the evolution of the flow about some disturbance Salt fingering – A mixing process that occurs when relatively warm, salty water overlies relatively colder, fresher water Satellite surface salinity – Measurements of surface salinity made by remote sensing satellites Sea – A large body of salt water surrounded in whole or in part by land Sea air – Air at or by the sea Sea spray – Aerosol particles that are formed directly from the ocean Sea surface microlayer – The boundary layer where all exchange occurs between the atmosphere and the ocean Sea surface temperature – Water temperature close to the ocean's surface Seafloor massive sulfide deposits – Mineralised deposits from subsea hydrothermal vents Secondary circulation – A circulation induced in a rotating system Sediment Profile Imagery – A technique for photographing the interface between the seabed and the overlying water Sediment–water interface – The boundary between bed sediment and the overlying water column Shoal – A natural landform that rises from the bed of a body of water to near the surface and is covered by unconsolidated material Shore lead – A waterway opening between pack ice and shore Shutdown of thermohaline circulation – An effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation. Sigma coordinate system – A coordinate system used in computational models for oceanography, meteorology and other fields where fluid dynamics are relevant Significant wave height – The mean wave height of the highest third of the waves Siliceous ooze – A siliceous pelagic sediment that covers large areas of the deep ocean floor Sound (nautical) – The process of determining depth of water beneath a ship or in a tank Southwest Approaches – The offshore waters to the southwest of Great Britain (geographical) Spice (oceanography) – Spatial variations in the temperature and salinity of seawater whose effects on density cancel each other Spindrift – The spray foam blown from cresting waves Spring bloom – A strong increase in phytoplankton abundance that typically occurs in the early spring Submarine earthquake – An earthquake that occurs under a body of water, especially an ocean Submarine groundwater discharge – Flow of groundwater into the sea below sea level Submarine landslide – Landslides that transport sediment across the continental shelf and into the deep ocean Submersion (coastal management) – Sustainable cyclic portion of coastal erosion where coastal sediments move from the visible portion of a beach to the submerged nearshore region, and later return to the original visible portion of the beach Surface layer – The layer of a turbulent fluid most affected by interaction with a solid surface or the surface separating a gas and a liquid where the characteristics of the turbulence depend on distance from the interface Target strength – A measure of the reflection coefficient of a sonar target Taylor column – A fluid dynamics phenomenon that occurs as a result of the Coriolis effect Taylor–Goldstein equation – An ordinary differential equation used in the field of fluid dynamics Telepresence technology – The combination of satellite technology with the Internet to broadcast information, including video in real-time Thermocline – A distinct layer in a large body of fluid in which temperature changes more rapidly with depth than it does in the layers above or below Thermostad – A homogeneous layer of oceanic waters in terms of temperature, it is defined as a relative minimum of the vertical temperature gradient Turbidite – The geologic deposit of a turbidity current Underwater – The aquatic or submarine environment Upper shoreface – The portion of the seafloor that is shallow enough to be agitated by everyday wave action Volcanic impacts on the oceans – Effects of volcanic eruptions on the marine ecosystems and climate Water column – A conceptual column of water from the surface to the bottom of a body of water Water mass – Identifiable body of water with a common formation history which has physical properties distinct from surrounding water Wind stress – The shear stress exerted by the wind on the surface of large bodies of water
Branches of oceanography Biological oceanography – The study of how organisms affect and are affected by the physics, chemistry, and geology of the oceanographic system Outline of biological oceanography Biogeography – The study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time Chemical oceanography – The study of ocean chemistry Geological oceanography represented by Marine geology – The study of the history and structure of the ocean floor Outline of marine geology – Hierarchical outline list of articles related to marine geology Geophysical fluid dynamics – The fluid dynamics of naturally occurring flows, such as lava flows, oceans, and planetary atmospheres, on Earth and other planets Paleoceanography – The study of the history of the oceans in the geologic past Physical oceanography – The study of physical conditions and physical processes within the ocean Outline of physical oceanography – Hierarchical outline list of articles related to physical oceanography Coastal morphodynamics – The study of the interaction of seafloor topography and fluid hydrodynamic processes involving the motion of sediment
Related sciences Climatology – The scientific study of climate, defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time Outline of climatology – Hierarchical outline list of articles related to climatology Earth science – The fields of natural science relating to the planet Earth Outline of Earth sciences – Hierarchical outline list of articles related to the Earth sciences Portal:Earth sciences – Wikipedia's portal for exploring content related to the Earth sciences Ecology – Scientific study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment Outline of ecology – Hierarchical outline list of articles related to ecology Portal:Ecology – Wikipedia's portal for exploring content related to ecology Geography – The science that studies the terrestrial surface, the societies that inhabit it and the territories, landscapes, places or regions that form it Outline of geography – Hierarchical outline list of articles related to geography Portal:Geography – Wikipedia's portal for exploring content related to geography Geology – The study of the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of Earth's components, and the processes by which they are shaped. Outline of geology – Hierarchical outline list of articles related to geology Hydrography – Applied science of measurement and description of physical features of bodies of water Outline of hydrography – Hierarchical outline list of articles related to hydrography Hydrology – The science of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets Outline of hydrology – Hierarchical outline list of articles related to hydrology Limnology – The science of inland aquatic ecosystems Outline of Limnology – Hierarchical outline list of articles related to limnology Marine biology – The scientific study of organisms that live in the ocean Outline of marine biology – Hierarchical outline list of articles related to marine biology Portal:Marine life – Wikipedia's portal for exploring content related to marine life Meteorology – Interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere focusing on weather forecasting Outline of meteorology – Hierarchical outline list of articles related to meteorology Palaeontology – Scientific study of prehistoric life Outline of palaeontology – Hierarchical outline list of articles related to palaeontology Portal:Palaeontology – Wikipedia's portal for exploring content related to palaeontology
Related technology Fishing industry – The economic sector concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products Navigation – The process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another Offshore drilling – Mechanical process where a wellbore is drilled below the seabed Remotely operated underwater vehicle – Tethered underwater mobile device operated by a remote crew Underwater diving – Descending below the surface of the water to interact with the environment Outline of underwater diving – Hierarchical outline list of articles related to underwater diving Portal:Underwater diving – Wikipedia's portal for exploring content related to underwater diving
Biological oceanography Biological oceanography – The study of how organisms affect and are affected by the physics, chemistry, and geology of the oceanographic system
Algae scrubber – A biological water filter which uses light to grow algae which removes undesirable chemicals from the water Algal bloom – Rapid increase or accumulation in the population of planktonic algae Apparent oxygen utilisation – The difference between oxygen gas solubility and the measured oxygen concentration in water with the same physical and chemical properties Artificial seawater – A mixture of dissolved mineral salts (and sometimes vitamins) that simulates seawater Bacterioplankton – The bacterial component of the plankton that drifts in the water column Bacterioplankton counting methods – Methods for the estimation of the abundance of bacterioplankton in a specific body of water Biological pump – The ocean's biologically driven sequestration of carbon from the atmosphere to deep sea water and sediment Biomineralization – The process by which living organisms produce minerals Bioturbation – The reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants Blue carbon – The carbon captured by the world's oceans and coastal ecosystems Brown algae – A large group of multicellular algae, comprising the class Phaeophyceae Continental shelf pump – Hypothetical mechanism transporting carbon from shallow continental shelf waters to the adjacent deep ocean Critical depth – A hypothesized surface mixing depth at which phytoplankton growth is precisely matched by losses of phytoplankton biomass within this depth interval Deep chlorophyll maximum – A subsurface maximum in the concentration of chlorophyll in the ocean or a lake. Diatom – A class of microalgae, found in the oceans, waterways and soils of the world Diel vertical migration – A pattern of daily vertical movement characteristic of many aquatic species Eustigmatophyte – A small group of algae with marine, freshwater and soil-living species F-ratio – In oceanic biogeochemistry, the fraction of total primary production fuelled by nitrate Fish reproduction – The reproductive physiology of fishes Gelatinous zooplankton – Fragile and often translucent animals that live in the water column Heterotrophic picoplankton – The fraction of plankton composed by cells between 0.2 and 2 μm that do not perform photosynthesis Ichthyoplankton – The eggs and larvae of fish that drift in the water column Joint Global Ocean Flux Study – An international research programme on the fluxes of carbon between the atmosphere and ocean, and within the ocean interior List of eukaryotic picoplankton species – List of eukaryotic species which have one of their cell dimensions smaller than 3 μm List of marine ecoregions – As defined by the WWF and The Nature Conservancy Marine biogeochemical cycles – Biogeochemical cycles that occur within marine environments Marine biology – The scientific study of organisms that live in the ocean Marine botany – The study of aquatic plants and algae that live in seawater of the open ocean and the littoral zone, along shorelines of the intertidal zone, and in brackish water of estuaries. Marine ecosystem – Any ecosystems in the marine environment Marine habitats – A habitat that supports marine life Marine life – The plants, animals and other organisms that live in the salt water of the sea or ocean, or the brackish water of coastal estuaries Marine microorganisms – Any life form too small for the naked human eye to see that lives in a marine environment Microalgae – Microscopic algae, typically found in freshwater and marine systems, living in both the water column and sediment Milky seas effect – A luminous phenomenon in the ocean in which large areas of seawater appear to glow brightly enough at night to be seen by satellites orbiting Earth Minimum depth of occurrence – The shallowest depth in the ocean at which a species is observed Mycoplankton – Fungal members of the plankton communities of aquatic ecosystems Ocean acidification in the Great Barrier Reef – The eggs and larvae of fish that drift in the water column Photosynthetic picoplankton – Phytoplankton – Autotrophic members of the plankton ecosystem Picobiliphyte – A group of eukaryotic algae which are among the smallest members of photosynthetic picoplankton. Picoeukaryote – Picoplanktonic eukaryotic organisms 3.0 μm or less in size Picoplankton – The fraction of plankton composed by cells between 0.2 and 2 μm that can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic and phototrophs or heterotrophs Plankton – Organisms that live in the water column and are incapable of swimming against a current Polar seas – A collective term for the Arctic Ocean and the southern part of the Southern Ocean Productivity (ecology) – The rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem Project Kaisei – Project to study and clean up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch Pseudoplankton – Organisms that cannot float, but attach themselves to planktonic organisms or other floating objects Raphidophyte – A class of aquatic algae Red tide – A common name for a worldwide phenomenon known as an algal bloom Sea snot – A collection of mucus-like organic matter found in the sea Seston – The organisms and non-living matter swimming or floating in a water body Thin layers (oceanography) – Congregations of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the water column only a few tens of centimeters in vertical thickness Whale feces – The excrement of whales and its role in the ecology of the oceans
Marine realms Marine realm – Top-level grouping of marine ecoregions
Arctic realm – Group of marine ecoregions in the Arctic zone Central Indo-Pacific – A biogeographic region of the Earth's seas, comprising the tropical waters of the western Pacific Ocean, the eastern Indian Ocean, and the connecting seas. Indo-Pacific – A biogeographic region of the Earth's seas, comprising the tropical waters of the western Pacific Ocean, the eastern Indian Ocean, and the connecting seas. Southern Ocean – The ocean around Antarctica Temperate Northern Pacific – A biogeographic region of the Earth's seas, comprising the temperate waters of the northern Pacific Ocean. Tropical Atlantic – Marine realm covering both sides of the Atlantic between the temperate realms Tropical Eastern Pacific – Marine realm covering both sides of the Atlantic between the temperate realms Western Indo-Pacific – A biogeographic region of the Earth's seas, comprising the tropical waters of the eastern and central Indian Ocean.
Marine ecoregions Marine ecoregions – Ecological regions of the oceans and seas identified and defined based on biogeographic characteristics
List of marine ecoregions – As defined by the WWF and The Nature Conservancy Agulhas Current – The western boundary current of the southwest Indian Ocean that flows down the east coast of Africa Andaman Sea – Marginal sea of the eastern Indian Ocean Arabian Sea – A marginal sea of the northern Indian Ocean between the Arabian Peninsula and India Benguela Current – The broad, northward flowing ocean current that forms the eastern portion of the South Atlantic Ocean gyre Bering Sea – Marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Alaska, Eastern Russia and the Aleutian Islands Canary Current – A wind-driven surface current that is part of the North Atlantic Gyre Chesapeake Bay – An estuary in the U.S. states of Maryland and Virginia Cocos Island – An island designated as a National Park off the shore of Costa Rica Coral Triangle – A roughly triangular area of the tropical marine waters of Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands and Timor-Leste Grand Banks of Newfoundland – A group of underwater plateaus south-east of Newfoundland on the North American continental shelf. Great Barrier Reef – Coral reef system off the east coast of Australia, World Heritage Site Hawkins Bank – A large, submerged bank off the Mascarene Plateau in the Indian Ocean Hudson Complex – A marine ecoregion in Canada, part of the Arctic marine realm Humboldt Current – A cold, low-salinity eastern boundary current that flows north along the western coast of South America from southern Chile to northern Peru Integrated Marine and Coastal Regionalisation of Australia – A biogeographic regionalisation of the oceanic waters of Australia's Exclusive Economic Zone Marine ecoregions of the South African exclusive economic zone – Geographical regions of similar ecological characteristics Mediterranean Sea – Sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean between Europe, Africa and Asia Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System – A marine region from Isla Contoy at the tip of the Yucatán Peninsula down to Belize, Guatemala and the Bay Islands of Honduras Moliço – Submerged aquatic vegetation collected for use in agriculture New Caledonian barrier reef – Barrier reef in the South Pacific Panama Bight – A marine ecoregion on the Pacific coast of the Americas Red Sea – Arm of the Indian Ocean between Arabia and Africa Ryukyu Islands – A chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan Saya de Malha Bank – Submerged bank in Mauritius Sea ice microbial communities – Groups of microorganisms living within and at the interfaces of sea ice Sea of Okhotsk – A marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean, between the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kuril Islands, the island of Hokkaido, the island of Sakhalin, and eastern Siberian coast Solomon Archipelago – A marine ecoregion of the Pacific Ocean Somali Current – An ocean boundary current that flows along the coast of Somalia and Oman in the Western Indian Ocean Southeast Asian coral reefs – Marine ecosystem Southern California Bight – The curved coastline of Southern California from Point Conception to San Diego St. Crispin's Reef – An elongate outer-shelf coral reef in the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia Yellow Sea – Sea in Northeast Asia between China and Korea
Mangrove ecoregions List of mangrove ecoregions – List ordered according to region
Mangrove – A shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water Mangrove swamp – Saline woodland or shrubland habitat formed by mangrove trees Ecological values of mangroves – Mangrove tree distribution – Global distribution of mangroves Australian mangroves – Distribution of Australian mangroves Bahia mangroves – A tropical ecoregion of the Mangrove forests Biome, and the South American Atlantic Forest biome, located in Northeastern Brazil Bakhawan Eco-Park – A mangrove forest located in Kalibo, Aklan, Philippines Belizean Coast mangroves – Ecoregion in the mangrove biome along the coast of Belize and Amatique Bay in Guatemala Bhitarkanika Mangroves – A mangrove wetland in India's Odisha state, in the river delta of the Brahmani and Baitarani rivers Bongsanglay Natural Park – A protected area of mangrove forests and swamps on Ticao Island in the Bicol Region of the Philippines Myanmar Coast mangroves – An ecoregion in Burma, Malaysia, and Thailand where there were once thick forests of mangroves Caroni Swamp – The second largest mangrove wetland in Trinidad and Tobago Central African mangroves – The largest area of mangrove swamp in Africa, located on the coasts of West Africa, mainly in Nigeria East African mangroves – An ecoregion of mangrove swamps along the Indian Ocean coast of East Africa in Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somalia Esmeraldas–Pacific Colombia mangroves – An ecoregion of mangrove forests along the Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecuador. Florida mangroves – An ecoregion along the coasts of the Florida peninsula, and the Florida Keys Godavari–Krishna mangroves – A mangrove ecoregion of India's eastern coast Greater Antilles mangroves – Mangrove forests on the coast of Cuba Guianan mangroves – A coastal ecoregion of southeastern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana Guinean mangroves – A coastal ecoregion of mangrove swamps in rivers and estuaries near the ocean of West Africa from Senegal to Sierra Leone Gulf of Guayaquil–Tumbes mangroves – An ecoregion in the Gulf of Guayaquil in South America, in northern Peru and southern Ecuador Gulf of Panama mangroves – An ecoregion along the Pacific coast of Panama and Colombia Indochina mangroves – A large mangrove ecoregion on the coasts of Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and Malaysia in Southeast Asia Indus River Delta–Arabian Sea mangroves – A large mangrove ecoregion on the Arabian Sea coast of Sindh Province, Pakistan Jiwani Coastal Wetland – A wetland located in Balochistan, Pakistan, near the town of Jiwani Laguna de Términos – The largest and one of biologically the richest tidal lagoons located entirely on the Gulf Coast of Mexico Madagascar mangroves – A coastal ecoregion in the mangrove forest biome found on the west coast of Madagascar Manabí mangroves – An ecoregion along the Pacific coast of Ecuador Maranhão mangroves – A mangrove ecoregion of northern Brazil Marismas Nacionales–San Blas mangroves – A mangrove ecoregion of the Pacific coast of Mexico Mosquitia–Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast mangroves – An ecoregion, in the Mangrove biome, along the Caribbean coasts of Nicaragua, Honduras, Costa Rica and off shore islands Nariva Swamp – A freshwater wetland in Trinidad and Tobago New Guinea mangroves – A freshwater wetland in Trinidad and Tobago Niger Delta mangroves – A mangrove forest within a deltaic depositional environment Northern Honduras mangroves – An ecoregion in the mangroves biome, along most of the Caribbean coast of Honduras, up to the east of Amatique Bay in Guatemala Sarovaram Bio Park – Project with an eco-friendly theme and in an ecosystem of wetlands and mangrove forests containing bird habitats South American Pacific mangroves – An ecoregion along the Pacific coast of Panama, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru Southern Africa mangroves – An ecoregion of mangrove swamps in rivers and estuaries on the eastern coast of South Africa Sunda Shelf mangroves – An ecoregion of mangrove swamps in rivers and estuaries on the eastern coast of South Africa Sundarbans – The world's largest coastal mangrove forest in the delta region of Padma, Meghna and Brahmaputra river basins in the Bay of Bengal Tropical salt pond ecosystem – A buffer zone between terrestrial and marine ecosystems United States Virgin Islands mangroves – Wetlands on the coast of the US Virgin Islands
Chemical oceanography Chemical oceanography – The study of ocean chemistry
Alkalinity – The capacity of water to resist changes in pH that would make the water more acidic Anoxic event – Intervals in the Earth's past where parts of oceans were depleted of oxygen at depth over a large geographic area Anoxic waters – Areas of sea water, fresh water, or groundwater that are depleted of dissolved oxygen Artificial seawater – A mixture of dissolved mineral salts (and sometimes vitamins) that simulates seawater Biogeochemistry – The study of chemical cycles of the earth that are either driven by or influence biological activity Biological pump – The ocean's biologically driven sequestration of carbon from the atmosphere to deep sea water and sediment Bjerrum plot – A graph of the concentrations of the different species of a polyprotic acid in a solution, as functions of the solution's pH, when the solution is at equilibrium Blue carbon – The carbon captured by the world's oceans and coastal ecosystems Brine rejection – Process by which salts are expelled from freezing water Carbon cycle – Biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere, Carbon cycle re-balancing – A name for a group of environmental policies Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand – A test measured by the depletion of dissolved oxygen by biological organisms in a body of water Chemical oxygen demand – Measure of the amount of oxygen that can be consumed by reactions in a solution Climate change – Change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns for an extended period Cold blob (North Atlantic) – A cold temperature anomaly of ocean surface waters, affecting the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Colored dissolved organic matter – The optically measurable component of the dissolved organic matter in water Continental shelf pump – Hypothetical mechanism transporting carbon from surface waters to the adjacent deep ocean. Cyclic salt – Salt carried by the wind from breaking waves and deposited on land Dead zone (ecology) – Hypoxic areas in oceans and large lakes caused by excessive nutrient pollution Euxinia – Condition when water is both anoxic and sulfidic F-ratio – In oceanic biogeochemistry, the fraction of total primary production fuelled by nitrate Gaia hypothesis – Global Ocean Data Analysis Project – A synthesis project bringing together oceanographic data Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry – Hypoxia (environmental) – Low environmental oxygen levels Hypoxia in fish – Response of fish to environmental hypoxia Ocean acidification in the Great Barrier Reef – Jelly-falls – Marine carbon cycling events whereby gelatinous zooplankton sink to the seafloor Marine snow – Shower of mostly organic detritus falling from the upper layers of the water column New production – Marine biological processes using nutrients from outside the euphotic zone Nutrient – Substance that an organism uses to live Ocean acidification – The ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide Ocean chemistry – The chemistry of marine environments Oceanic carbon cycle – Processes that exchange carbon between various pools within the ocean and the atmosphere, Earth interior, and the seafloor Oligosaprobe – Organisms that inhabit clean water or water that is only slightly polluted by organic matter. Silicon isotope biogeochemistry – Oxygen cycle – The biogeochemical cycle of oxygen within its four main reservoirs: the atmosphere, the biosphere, the hydrosphere, and the lithosphere Oxygen minimum zone – The zone in which oxygen saturation in seawater in the ocean is at its lowest Paleosalinity – The salinity of the global ocean or of an ocean basin at a point in geological history. Productivity (ecology) – The rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem Redox gradient – Remineralisation – Salinity – The proportion of salt dissolved in a body of water Sea foam – Foam created by the agitation of seawater Sea salt – Salt produced from the evaporation of seawater Sea salt aerosol – Natural aerosol deriving from sea spray Seawater – Water from a sea or ocean Sel gris – A coarse granular sea salt evaporite Solubility pump – A physico-chemical process that transports dissolved inorganic carbon from the ocean's surface to its interior Submarine groundwater discharge – Thermohaline circulation – A part of the large-scale ocean circulation that is driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes Total