Owen Jay Gingerich (; March 24, 1930 – May 28, 2023) was an American astronomer who had been professor emeritus of astronomy and of the history of science at Harvard University and a senior astronomer emeritus at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. In addition to his research and teaching, he had written many books on the history of astronomy. Gingerich was also a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the International Academy of the History of Science. A committed Christian, he had been active in the American Scientific Affiliation, a society of evangelical scientists. He served on the board of trustees of the Templeton Foundation.
Early life Gingerich was born March 24, 1930, to Melvin and Verna (Roth) Gingerich, a Mennonite family in Washington, Iowa, but was raised on the prairies of Kansas where he first became interested in astronomy. His father taught history at Bethel College in North Newton, Kansas, from 1941 to 1947, when he took a job at Goshen College in Indiana. He traveled to Poland in 1946 as a seagoing cowboy. When his family relocated, Owen Gingerich began attending Goshen College although having only completed his junior year of high school. He continued his studies at Harvard University, completing his thesis in astronomy, "The Study of Non-Gray Stellar Atmospheres", under Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin. In 2004 on May 22, Newton High School awarded him an honorary high school diploma, and he gave a graduation commencement speech to the Newton High School Class of 2004.
Career and contributions
Gingerich eventually came to teach astronomy at Harvard where his lectures became known for attention-getting schemes. Among them was propelling himself out of the classroom using a fire extinguisher to demonstrate Newton's third law of motion, and dressing up like a sixteenth-century Latin scholar. He is associated with the Smithsonian through the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and also served as chairman of the International Astronomical Union's Planet Definition Committee, which was charged in 2005 with updating the astronomical definition of planet to reflect then recent discoveries such as Eris. The seven-member committee drafted a definition which preserved Pluto's status by only requiring a planet to be (1) large enough to assume hydrostatic equilibrium (a nearly round shape) and (2) orbiting a star without itself being a star. This proposal was criticized by many for weakening the meaning of the term. The eventual definition adopted by the IAU added an additional requirement, that a body must have cleared its neighborhood of all other sizable objects, language that Gingerich was "not at all pleased" with. After some early astronomical research on stellar atmospheres, he reoriented his studies toward the history of astronomy. In the 1950s, he researched Charles Messier's life and the Messier Catalog. Gingerich found notes by Messier on two additional Objects, discovered by Pierre Méchain, which he added to the Messier Catalog: M108 (NGC 3556) and M109 (NGC 3992). He investigated the missing Messier Objects, concluding that M91 was probably a comet and that M102 was probably a duplication of M101. The first conclusion was later dismissed as W. C. Williams brought up evidence that M91 is probably NGC 4548, but the second is still open (M102 may be NGC 5866). Gingerich was a recognized authority on both Johannes Kepler and Nicolaus Copernicus, especially in regard to Copernicus's De revolutionibus orbium coelestium. He was also an expert on Galileo's astronomical observations, and took a leading role in establishing that the watercolor lunar images in a celebrated copy of Galileo's Sidereus Nuncius were modern forgeries and not made by Galileo.
In 1959, in chapter II of The Sleepwalkers, titled "The System of Copernicus", Arthur Koestler wrote that: "The book that nobody read – the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres – was and is an all-time worst-seller." After reading in the Royal Observatory in Edinburgh a thoroughly annotated copy previously owned by Erasmus Reinhold, a prominent sixteenth-century German astronomer who worked in University of Wittenberg shortly after Copernicus' death, Gingerich was inspired to check Koestler's claim and to research who had owned and studied the book's first two editions, published in 1543 and 1566 in Nuremberg and Basel respectively. He discovered, from marginal annotations, that the book was widely read after all. Gingerich also documented where and how the book was censored. Due largely to Gingerich's work, De revolutionibus has been researched and catalogued better than any other first-edition historical text except for the original Gutenberg Bible. His book An Annotated Census of Copernicus' De Revolutionibus (Nuremberg, 1543 and Basel, 1566) was published in 2002. His three-decade-long personal survey of Copernicus' book De revolutionibus was recounted in The Book Nobody Read, published in 2004 by Walker & Co. These Copernican researches earned him the Polish government's Order of Merit in 1981. His latter books, God's Universe (Harvard, 2006) and God's Planet (Harvard, 2014), dealt with the intersection of science and religion.
Science and religion Gingerich was a Christian as well as a historian of science and a cosmologist and had been asked several times to comment on matters concerning the interplay between science and faith. In one of these, Intelligent design, he asserted "immense incomprehension from both the friends and foes." On the one hand, he said that it is unfortunate that there seems to be a knee-jerk reaction among its critics that I.D. is simply Young Earth creationism in disguise. On the other hand, he said that, while I.D. supporters make a good case for a coherent understanding of the nature of the cosmos,
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