physics

PERN Przyjaźń SA

PERN Przyjaźń SA is a physics topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand PERN Przyjaźń SA rather than just read about it. In short: PERN SA (Polish: Przedsiębiorstwo Eksploatacji Rurociągów Naftowych Spółka Akcyjna), joint stock Oil Pipeline Operation Company is one of leading companies for oil transportation and storage in Poland. The company is based in Płock, in central Poland, and oversees catering of oil and gas through Poland to eastern European markets.

Key takeaways

PERN Przyjaźń SA belongs to physics; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect PERN Przyjaźń SA to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of PERN Przyjaźń SA from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

PERN SA (Polish: Przedsiębiorstwo Eksploatacji Rurociągów Naftowych Spółka Akcyjna), joint stock Oil Pipeline Operation Company is one of leading companies for oil transportation and storage in Poland. The company is based in Płock, in central Poland, and oversees catering of oil and gas through Poland to eastern European markets. Etymologically the word Przyjaźń in both Polish and Ukrainian means Friendship.

History PERN SA was established in 1959, as per the resolution of the Economy Committee of the Ministerial Board of Poland, based on agreements between Soviet Union, Poland and GDR on oil supply and transportation and was a part of the larger Druzhba pipeline project which would connect USSR with Poland, Czechoslovakia, GDR and Hungary. The company and the pipeline network started operating in 1962. The eastern part of the pipeline connecting Adamowo and Płock was completed and started operating in 1972. The second part of the pipeline connecting Płock and Schwedt became operational in 1973. In 1975, PERN Przyjaźń SA extended its pipeline network with a two-way pipeline, named Rurociąg Pomorski which connected Płock to a port city of Gdańsk. Other extensions are Płock–Koluszki connection in 1968, Płock–Mościska in 1970, Mościska-Emilianów in 1975. In 1992, Płock–Koluszki was extended to Częstochowa. In 25-year period, starting from 1968, the company extended and commissioned over 620 kilometres (390 mi) of oil pipelines. Currently, PERN Przyjaźń SA operates nearly 2,500 kilometres (1,550 mi) of piping network.

Ownership The company is completely owned by the government of Poland. The government has reportedly considered privatizing PERN Przyjaźń SA in the past and in 2008 made an official announcement. According to Treasury Minister, Aleksander Grad, the privatization would be completed in the next four years under a special program prepared by the Treasury Ministry. The government is expected to raise around PLZ 5-7 billion from the privatization. It is considered one of the most profitable enterprises in the country. The company spends nearly $40–50 million annually for modernization of the pipeline network. In 2002, the PERN Przyjaźń SA purchased the controlling stake of Naftoport's (crude oil, heating oils, fuels terminal) shares in order to secure energy safety of the country. In November 2009, the company announced its plans to construct an oil storage and distribution center in Gdańsk. The Gdańsk hub is expected to have an overall capacity of 400,000 cubic meters of oil and will cost nearly PLZ 1 billion.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with PERN Przyjaźń SA

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what PERN Przyjaźń SA claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In physics, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to PERN Przyjaźń SA before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about PERN Przyjaźń SA ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of PERN Przyjaźń SA

In research: PERN Przyjaźń SA appears in physics research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses PERN Przyjaźń SA in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: PERN Przyjaźń SA is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Energy in Poland, Oil and gas companies of Poland, Oil pipeline companies, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for PERN Przyjaźń SA outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study PERN Przyjaźń SA in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what PERN Przyjaźń SA means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain PERN Przyjaźń SA out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is PERN Przyjaźń SA in simple terms?

Why does PERN Przyjaźń SA matter?

Because it connects several physics ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study PERN Przyjaźń SA?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on PERN Przyjaźń SA.