In cryptography, PKCS #1 is the first of a family of standards called Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS), published by RSA Laboratories. It provides the basic definitions of and recommendations for implementing the RSA algorithm for public-key cryptography. It defines the mathematical properties of public and private keys, primitive operations for encryption and signatures, secure cryptographic schemes, and related ASN.1 syntax representations. The current version is 2.2 (2012-10-27). Compared to 2.1 (2002-06-14), which was republished as RFC 3447, version 2.2 updates the list of allowed hashing algorithms to align them with FIPS 180-4, therefore adding SHA-224, SHA-512/224 and SHA-512/256.
Keys The PKCS #1 standard defines the mathematical definitions and properties that RSA public and private keys must have. The traditional key pair is based on a modulus, n, that is the product of two distinct large prime numbers, p and q, such that n = p q {\displaystyle n=pq} . Starting with version 2.1, this definition was generalized to allow for multi-prime keys, where the number of distinct primes may be two or more. When dealing with multi-prime keys, the prime factors are all generally labeled as r i {\displaystyle r_{i}} for some i, such that:
n = r 1 r 2 ⋯ r i , {\displaystyle n=r_{1}r_{2}\cdots r_{i},} for i ≥ 2 {\displaystyle i\geq 2}
As a notational convenience, p = r 1 {\displaystyle p=r_{1}} and q = r 2 {\displaystyle q=r_{2}} . The RSA public key is represented as the tuple ( n , e ) {\displaystyle (n,e)} , where the integer e is the public exponent. The RSA private key may have two representations. The first compact form is the tuple ( n , d ) {\displaystyle (n,d)} , where d is the private exponent. The second form has at least five terms ( p , q , d p , d q , q i n v ) {\displaystyle (p,q,dp,dq,qinv)} , or more for multi-prime keys. Although mathematically redundant to the compact form, the additional terms allow for certain computational optimizations when using the key. In particular, the second format allows to derive the public key.
Primitives The standard defines several basic primitives. The primitive operations provide the fundamental instructions for turning the raw mathematical formulas into computable algorithms.
I2OSP – Integer to Octet String Primitive – Converts a (potentially very large) non-negative integer into a sequence of bytes (octet string). OS2IP – Octet String to Integer Primitive – Interprets a sequence of bytes as a non-negative integer RSAEP – RSA Encryption Primitive – Encrypts a message using a public key RSADP – RSA Decryption Primitive – Decrypts ciphertext using a private key RSASP1 – RSA Signature Primitive 1 – Creates a signature over a message using a private key RSAVP1 – RSA Verification Primitive 1 – Verifies a signature is for a message using a public key
Schemes By themselves the primitive operations do not necessarily provide any security. The concept of a cryptographic scheme is to define higher level algorithms or uses of the primitives so they achieve certain security goals. There are two schemes for encryption and decryption:
RSAES-PKCS1-v1_5: older Encryption/decryption Scheme (ES) as first standardized in version 1.5 of PKCS #1. Known-vulnerable. RSAES-OAEP: improved ES; based on the optimal asymmetric encryption padding (OAEP) scheme proposed by Mihir Bellare and Phillip Rogaway. Recommended for new applications. There are also two schemes for dealing with signatures:
RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5: old Signature Scheme with Appendix (SSA) as first standardized in version 1.5 of PKCS #1. Unforgeable, according to Jager et al. (2018). RSASSA-PSS: improved SSA; based on the probabilistic signature scheme (PSS) originally invented by Bellare and Rogaway. Recommended for new applications. The two signature schemes make use of separately defined encoding methods:
EMSA-PKCS1-v1_5: old encoding method for signature appendix (EMSA) as first standardized in version 1.5 of PKCS #1. EMSA-PSS: improved EMSA, based on the probabilistic signature scheme. Recommended for new applications. The signature schemes are actually signatures with appendix, which means that rather than signing some input data directly, a hash function is used first to produce an intermediary representation of the data, and then the result of the hash is signed. This technique is almost always used with RSA because the amount of data that can be directly signed is proportional to the size of the keys; which is almost always much smaller than the amount of data an application may wish to sign.
Version history Versions 1.1–1.3, February through March 1991, privately distributed. Version 1.4, June 1991, published for NIST/OSI Implementors' Workshop. Version 1.5, November 1993. First public publication. Republished as RFC 2313. Version 2.0, September 1998. Republished as RFC 2437. Introduced the RSAEP-OAEP encryption scheme. Version 2.1, June 2002. Republished as RFC 3447. Introduced multi-prime RSA and the RSASSA-PSS signature scheme Version 2.2, October 2012. Republished as RFC 8017.
Implementations Below is a list of cryptography libraries that provide support for PKCS#1:
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