PLA2G4C

Key takeaways

PLA2G4C belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect PLA2G4C to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of PLA2G4C from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLA2G4C gene.

See also Phospholipase A2

References

Further reading Schröder HC, Perovic S, Kavsan V, Ushijima H, Müller WE (1998). "Mechanisms of prionSc- and HIV-1 gp120 induced neuronal cell death". Neurotoxicology. 19 (4–5): 683–8. PMID 9745929. Wu T, Angus CW, Yao XL, Logun C, Shelhamer JH (1997). "P11, a unique member of the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins, interacts with and inhibits the activity of the 85-kDa cytosolic phospholipase A2". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (27): 17145–53. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.27.17145. PMID 9202034. Mavoungou E, Georges-Courbot MC, Poaty-Mavoungou V, Nguyen HT, Yaba P, Delicat A, Georges AJ, Russo-Marie F (1997). "HIV and SIV envelope glycoproteins induce phospholipase A2 activation in human and macaque lymphocytes". J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 16 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1097/00042560-199709010-00001. PMID 9377118. Pickard RT, Strifler BA, Kramer RM, Sharp JD (1999). "Molecular cloning of two new human paralogs of 85-kDa cytosolic phospholipase A2". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (13): 8823–31. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.13.8823. PMID 10085124. Smith JS, Tachibana I, Pohl U, Lee HK, Thanarajasingam U, Portier BP, Ueki K, Ramaswamy S, Billings SJ (2000). "A transcript map of the chromosome 19q-arm glioma tumor suppressor region". Genomics. 64 (1): 44–50. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.6101. PMID 10708517. Hartmann C, Johnk L, Sasaki H, Jenkins RB, Louis DN (2002). "Novel PLA2G4C polymorphism as a molecular diagnostic assay for 19q loss in human gliomas". Brain Pathol. 12 (2): 178–82. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2002.tb00432.x. PMC 8095768. PMID 11958371. S2CID 2579203. Stewart A, Ghosh M, Spencer DM, Leslie CC (2002). "Enzymatic properties of human cytosolic phospholipase A(2)gamma". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (33): 29526–36. doi:10.1074/jbc.M204856200. PMID 12039969. Lindbom J, Ljungman AG, Lindahl M, Tagesson C (2003). "Increased gene expression of novel cytosolic and secretory phospholipase A(2) types in human airway epithelial cells induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IFN-gamma". J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 22 (9): 947–55. doi:10.1089/10799900260286650. PMID 12396716. Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, Derge JG, Klausner RD, Collins FS, Wagner L, Shenmen CM, Schuler GD (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. Asai K, Hirabayashi T, Houjou T, Uozumi N, Taguchi R, Shimizu T (2003). "Human group IVC phospholipase A2 (cPLA2gamma). Roles in the membrane remodeling and activation induced by oxidative stress". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (10): 8809–14. doi:10.1074/jbc.M212117200. PMID 12502717. Jenkins CM, Han X, Yang J, Mancuso DJ, Sims HF, Muslin AJ, Gross RW (2004). "Purification of recombinant human cPLA2 gamma and identification of C-terminal farnesylation, proteolytic processing, and carboxymethylation by MALDI-TOF-TOF analysis". Biochemistry. 42 (40): 11798–807. doi:10.1021/bi034611q. PMID 14529291. Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, Otsuki T, Sugiyama T, Irie R, Wakamatsu A, Hayashi K, Sato H (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, Shenmen CM, Grouse LH, Schuler G, Klein SL, Old S, Rasooly R (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334. Dong M, Johnson M, Rezaie A, Ilsley JN, Nakanishi M, Sanders MM, Forouhar F, Levine J, Montrose DC (2005). "Cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 levels correlate with apoptosis in human colon tumorigenesis". Clin. Cancer Res. 11 (6): 2265–71. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1079. PMID 15788676. Yan W, Jenkins CM, Han X, Mancuso DJ, Sims HF, Yang K, Gross RW (2005). "The highly selective production of 2-arachidonoyl lysophosphatidylcholine catalyzed by purified calcium-independent phospholipase A2gamma: identification of a novel enzymatic mediator for the generation of a key branch point intermediate in eicosanoid signaling". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (29): 26669–79. doi:10.1074/jbc.M502358200. PMID 15908428. Yamashita A, Kamata R, Kawagishi N, Nakanishi H, Suzuki H, Sugiura T, Waku K (2005). "Roles of C-terminal processing, and involvement in transacylation reaction of human group IVC phospholipase A2 (cPLA2gamma)". J. Biochem. 137 (5): 557–67. doi:10.1093/jb/mvi067. PMID 15944408. Zhao X, Wang D, Zhao Z, Xiao Y, Sengupta S, Xiao Y, Zhang R, Lauber K, Wesselborg S (2006). "Caspase-3-dependent activation of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 enhances cell migration in non-apoptotic ovarian cancer cells". J. Biol. Chem. 281 (39): 29357–68. doi:10.1074/jbc.M513105200. PMID 16882668.

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with PLA2G4C

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what PLA2G4C claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to PLA2G4C before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about PLA2G4C ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of PLA2G4C

In research: PLA2G4C appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses PLA2G4C in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: PLA2G4C is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Genes on human chromosome 19, Human chromosome 19 gene stubs, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for PLA2G4C outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

How to study PLA2G4C in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what PLA2G4C means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain PLA2G4C out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is PLA2G4C in simple terms?

Cytosolic phospholipase A2 gamma is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLA2G4C gene. See also Phospholipase A2 References Further reading Schröder HC, Perovic S, Kavsan V, Ushijima H, Müller WE (1998). "Mechanisms of prionSc- and HIV-1 gp120 induced neuronal cell death".

Why does PLA2G4C matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study PLA2G4C?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on PLA2G4C.