PRDM16

Key takeaways

PRDM16 belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect PRDM16 to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of PRDM16 from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

PR domain containing 16, also known as PRDM16, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PRDM16 gene. PRDM16 acts as a transcription coregulator that controls the development of brown adipocytes in brown adipose tissue. Previously, this coregulator was believed to be present only in brown adipose tissue, but more recent studies have shown that PRDM16 is highly expressed in subcutaneous white adipose tissue as well.

Function The protein encoded by this gene is a zinc finger transcription factor. PRDM16 controls the cell fate between muscle and brown fat cells. Loss of PRDM16 from brown fat precursors causes a loss of brown fat characteristics and promotes muscle differentiation.

Clinical significance The reciprocal translocation t(1;3)(p36;q21) occurs in a subset of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This gene is located near the 1p36.3 breakpoint and has been shown to be specifically expressed in the t(1:3)(p36;q21)-positive MDS/AML. The protein encoded by this gene contains an N-terminal PR domain. The translocation results in the overexpression of a truncated version of this protein that lacks the PR domain, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis of MDS and AML. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.

PRDM16 in BAT Brown adipose tissue (BAT) oxidizes chemical energy to produce heat. This heat energy can act as a defense against hypothermia and obesity. PRDM16 is highly enriched in brown adipose cells as compared to white adipose cells, and plays a role in these thermogenic processes in brown adipose tissue. PRDM16 activates brown fat cell identity and can control the determination of brown adipose fate. A knock-out of PRDM16 in mice shows a loss of brown cell characteristics, showing that PRDM16 activity is important in determining brown adipose fate. Brown adipocytes consist of densely packed mitochondria that contain uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1). UCP-1 plays a key role in brown adipocyte thermogenesis. The presence of PRDM16 in adipose tissue causes a significant up-regulation of thermogenic genes, such as UCP-1 and CIDEA, resulting in thermogenic heat production. Understanding and stimulating the thermogenic processes in brown adipocytes provides possible therapeutic options for treating obesity.

PRDM16 in WAT White adipose tissue (WAT) primarily stores excess energy in the form of triglycerides. Recent research has shown that PRDM16 is present in subcutaneous white adipose tissue. The activity of PRDM16 in white adipose tissue leads to the production of brown fat-like adipocytes within white adipose tissue, called beige cells (also called brite cells). These beige cells have a brown adipose tissue-like phenotype and actions, including thermogenic processes seen in BAT. In mice, the levels of PRDM16 within WAT, specifically anterior subcutaneous WAT and inguinal subcutaneous WAT, is about 50% that of interscapular BAT, both in protein expression and in mRNA quantity. This expression takes place primarily within mature adipocytes. Transgenic aP2-PRDM16 mice were used in a study to observe the effects of PRDM16 expression in WAT. The study found that the presence of PRDM16 in subcutaneous WAT leads to a significant up-regulation of brown-fat selective genes UCP-1, CIDEA, and PPARGC1A. This up-regulation lead to the development of a BAT-like phenotype within the white adipose tissue. Expression of PRDM16 has also been shown to protect against high-fat diet induced weight gain. Seale et al.’s experiment with aP2-PRDM16 transgenic mice and wild type mice showed that transgenic mice eating a 60% high-fat diet had significantly less weight gain than wild type mice on the same diet. Seale et al. determined the weight difference was not due to differences in food intake, as both transgenic and wild type mice were consuming the same amount of food on a daily basis. Rather, the weight difference stemmed from higher energy expenditure in the transgenic mice. Another of Seale et al.’s experiments showed the transgenic mice consumed a greater volume of oxygen over a 72-hour period than the wild type mice, showing a greater amount of energy expenditure in the transgenic mice. This energy expenditure in turn is attributed to PRDM16’s ability to up-regulate UCP-1 and CIDEA gene expression, resulting in thermogenesis. If human WAT expresses PRDM16 as in mice, this WAT could be a potential target for stimulating energy expenditure and combating obesity.

Notes

References This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain. Kajimura S (2009). "Initiation of myoblast to brown fat switch by a PRDM16–C/EBP-β transcriptional complex". Nature. 460 (7259): 1154–1158. Bibcode:2009Natur.460.1154K. doi:10.1038/nature08262. PMC 2754867. PMID 19641492.

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with PRDM16

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what PRDM16 claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to PRDM16 before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about PRDM16 ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of PRDM16

In research: PRDM16 appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses PRDM16 in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: PRDM16 is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Genes on human chromosome 1, Transcription factors, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for PRDM16 outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

How to study PRDM16 in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what PRDM16 means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain PRDM16 out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is PRDM16 in simple terms?

PR domain containing 16, also known as PRDM16, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PRDM16 gene. PRDM16 acts as a transcription coregulator that controls the development of brown adipocytes in brown adipose tissue.

Why does PRDM16 matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study PRDM16?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on PRDM16.