biology

PTPRB

PTPRB is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand PTPRB rather than just read about it. In short: Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase beta or VE-PTP is an enzyme specifically expressed in endothelial cells that in humans is encoded by the PTPRB gene. Function VE-PTP is a member of the classical protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family.

Key takeaways

PTPRB belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect PTPRB to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of PTPRB from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase beta or VE-PTP is an enzyme specifically expressed in endothelial cells that in humans is encoded by the PTPRB gene.

Function VE-PTP is a member of the classical protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. The deletion of the gene in mouse models was shown to be embryonically lethal, thus indicating that it is important for vasculogenesis and blood vessel development. In addition, it was shown to participate in adherens junctions complex and regulate vascular permeability. Recently, Soni et al. have shown that tyrosine phosphorylation of VE-PTP via Pyk2 kinase downstream of STIM1-induced calcium entry mediates disassembly of the endothelial adherens junctions.

Interactions VE-PTP contains an extracellular domain composed of multiple fibronectin type_III repeats, a single transmembrane segment and one intracytoplasmic catalytic domain, thus belongs to R3 receptor subtype PTPs. The extracellular region was shown to interact with the angiopoietin receptor Tie-2 and with the adhesion protein VE-cadherin. VE-PTP was also found to interact with Grb2 and plakoglobin through its cytoplasmatic domain. VE-PTP was also shown through proximity ligation assay to form a complex with VEGFR2, which is involved in regulation of angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Activation of VEGFR2 by VEGF was shown to induce complex dissociation, leading to increased VEGFR2 phosphorylation at tyrosine sites 1175 and 951 in immortalized endothelial cells.

Role in disease Dysregulation of PTPRB correlates with the development of a variety of tumors. PTPRB promotes metastasis of colorectal cancer cells via inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with PTPRB

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what PTPRB claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to PTPRB before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about PTPRB ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of PTPRB

In research: PTPRB appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses PTPRB in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: PTPRB is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Genes on human chromosome 12, Human chromosome 12 gene stubs, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for PTPRB outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study PTPRB in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what PTPRB means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain PTPRB out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is PTPRB in simple terms?

Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase beta or VE-PTP is an enzyme specifically expressed in endothelial cells that in humans is encoded by the PTPRB gene. Function VE-PTP is a member of the classical protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family.

Why does PTPRB matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study PTPRB?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on PTPRB.