biology

PTPRD

PTPRD is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand PTPRD rather than just read about it. In short: Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase delta is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the PTPRD gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family.

Key takeaways

PTPRD belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect PTPRD to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of PTPRD from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase delta is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the PTPRD gene.

Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. This PTP contains an extracellular region, a single transmembrane segment and two tandem intracytoplasmic catalytic domains, thus represents a receptor-type PTP. The extracellular region of this protein is composed of three Ig-like and eight fibronectin type III-like domains. Studies of the similar genes in chick and fly suggest the role of this PTP is in promoting neurite growth, and regulating neurons axon guidance. Multiple tissue specific alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been reported.

Ligand binding PTPRD is the orexigenic receptor of asprosin, a hormone that is produced by the C-terminal cleavage of profibrillin from the FBN1 gene. In mice, asprosin acts on an olfactory receptor, Olfr734 in the liver to regulate its gluconeogenic effects. However, PTPRD has been identified as the neural receptor for asprosin. Genetic ablation of PTPRD results in extreme leanness and loss of appetite. More specifically, resistance to diet-induced obesity can occur through the loss of PTPRD in AgRP neurons. When asprosin binds to PTPRD, this leads to the de-phosphorylation and de-activation of Stat3.

Clinical significance PTPRD is highly expressed throughout the entire brain, especially in the cerebellum and cerebellar hemisphere. PTPRD is also highly expressed in the coronary arteries, the aorta, and the ovaries. Mutations in the PTPRD gene are also associated with autism, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and breast cancer.

Interactions PTPRD has been shown to interact with PTPRS and liprin-alpha-1.

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with PTPRD

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what PTPRD claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to PTPRD before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about PTPRD ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of PTPRD

In research: PTPRD appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses PTPRD in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: PTPRD is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Genes on human chromosome 9, Human chromosome 9 gene stubs, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for PTPRD outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study PTPRD in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what PTPRD means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain PTPRD out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is PTPRD in simple terms?

Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase delta is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the PTPRD gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family.

Why does PTPRD matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study PTPRD?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on PTPRD.