chemistry

Pafolacianine

Pafolacianine is a chemistry topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Pafolacianine rather than just read about it. In short: Pafolacianine, sold under the brand name Cytalux, is an optical imaging agent used in fluorescence-guided surgery. Pafolacianine is a fluorescent medication that binds to folate receptor (FR)-expressing cells.

Key takeaways

Pafolacianine belongs to chemistry; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Pafolacianine to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Pafolacianine from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Pafolacianine, sold under the brand name Cytalux, is an optical imaging agent used in fluorescence-guided surgery. Pafolacianine is a fluorescent medication that binds to folate receptor (FR)-expressing cells. The most common side effects of pafolacianine include infusion-related reactions, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, flushing, dyspepsia, chest discomfort, itching and hypersensitivity. It was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2021. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration considers it to be a first-in-class medication.

Medical uses Pafolacianine is indicated as an adjunct for intraoperative identification of malignant lesions in people with ovarian cancer. It is also indicated to assist identifying lung cancer lesions in adults with known or suspected lung cancer.

History Scientists from Purdue University designed and developed OTL38 and licensed it to On Target Laboratories in 2013. The safety and effectiveness of pafolacianine was evaluated in a randomized, multi-center, open-label study of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer or with high clinical suspicion of ovarian cancer who were scheduled to undergo surgery. Of the 134 women (ages 33 to 81 years) who received a dose of pafolacianine and were evaluated under both normal and fluorescent light during surgery, 26.9% had at least one cancerous lesion detected that was not observed by standard visual or tactile inspection. The safety and effectiveness of pafolacianine was evaluated in a randomized, multicenter, open-label study (NCT04241315) of participants with known or suspected lung cancer who were scheduled to undergo surgery. Of the 110 participants who received a dose of pafolacianine and were evaluated under both normal and fluorescent light during surgery, 24% had at least one cancerous lesion detected that was not observed by standard visual or tactile inspection. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the application for pafolacianine orphan drug, priority review, and fast track designations. The FDA granted the approval of Cytalux to On Target Laboratories, LLC.

Figures

References

External links "Pafolacianine". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Clinical trial number NCT03180307 for "OTL38 for Intra-operative Imaging of Folate Receptor Positive Ovarian Cancer" at ClinicalTrials.gov Clinical trial number NCT04241315 for "ELUCIDATE: Enabling Lung Cancer Identification Using Folate Receptor Targeting (Elucidate)" at ClinicalTrials.gov

Illustrations

Pafolacianine: Intraoperative imaging of a squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with OTL38, subsequently renamed pafolacianine. From Predina et al., 2018.[12] — Intraoperative imaging of a squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with OTL38, subsequently renamed pafolacianine. From Predina et al., 2018.[12]

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Pafolacianine

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Pafolacianine claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In chemistry, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Pafolacianine before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Pafolacianine ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Pafolacianine

In research: Pafolacianine appears in chemistry research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Pafolacianine in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Pafolacianine is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Carboxylic acids, Optical imaging, Orphan drugs, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Pafolacianine outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Pafolacianine in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Pafolacianine means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Pafolacianine out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Pafolacianine in simple terms?

Why does Pafolacianine matter?

Because it connects several chemistry ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Pafolacianine?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Pafolacianine.