science

Paoliida

Paoliida is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Paoliida rather than just read about it. In short: Paoliida is an extinct order of winged insects that lived in the late Paleozoic. Historically, both their systematic position and composition were controversial – for instance they had been considered as palaeodictyopterans, as basal Neoptera, or as stem-group of Pterygota – but recent studies have resolved them as the sister group of Dictyoptera.

Key takeaways

Paoliida belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Paoliida to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Paoliida from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Paoliida is an extinct order of winged insects that lived in the late Paleozoic. Historically, both their systematic position and composition were controversial – for instance they had been considered as palaeodictyopterans, as basal Neoptera, or as stem-group of Pterygota – but recent studies have resolved them as the sister group of Dictyoptera.

Families and genera After Prokop et al. (2014), Guan et al. (2016) and Nel & Poschmann (2021):

†Anthracoptilidae Handlirsch, 1922 (Synonyms: Strephocladidae Martynov, 1938; Strephoneuridae Martynov, 1940; ?Adiphlebiidae Handlirsch, 1906) ?†Adiphlebia Scudder, 1885 †Afrocladus Nel, Garrouste & Prokop, 2015 †Anthracoptilus Lameere, 1917 †Carrizocladus Rasnitsyn in Rasnitsyn et al., 2004 †Graticladus Novokshonov and Aristov, 2004 †Homocladus Carpenter, 1966 †Jarmilacladus Rasnitsyn and Aristov, 2004 †Lodevocladus Prokop et al., 2015 †Mesoptilus Lameere, 1917 †Mycteroptila Rasnitsyn, 1977 †Paracladus Carpenter, 1966 †Pruvostia Bolton, 1921 †Pseudomesoptilus Guan et al., 2016 †Rhinomaloptila Rasnitsyn, 1977 †Spargoptilon Kukalová, 1965 †Strephocladus Scudder, 1885 †Strephoneura Martynov, 1940 †Strephoptilus Rasnitsyn and Aristov, 2013 †Westphaloptilus Guan et al., 2016 †Blattinopsidae Bolton, 1925 (Synonym: Klebsiellidae Handlirsch, 1906) †Alienus Handlirsch, 1906 †Avionblattinopsis Quispe et al., 2021 †Balduriella Meunier, 1925 †Blattinopsis Giebel, 1867 †Glaphyrophlebia Handlirsch, 1906 †Klebsiella Meunier, 1908 †Microblattina Scudder, 1895 †Protoblattiniella Meunier, 1912 †Rhipidioptera Brongniart, 1894 †Stephanopsis Kukalová, 1958 †Westphaloblattinopsis Béthoux and Jarzembowski, 2010 †Paoliidae Handlirsch, 1906 (Synonyms: Ideliidae Zalessky, 1928; Herbstialidae Schmidt, 1953; Permulidae Aristov & Storozhenko, 2011; Permotermopsidae Martynov, 1937) †Acropermula Aristov and Storozhenko, 2011 †Aenigmidelia Sharov, 1961 †Archidelia Sharov, 1961 †Carbonidelia Nel, Garrouste & Jouault, 2023 †Darekia Prokop et al., 2012 †Herbstiala Schmidt, 1952 †Holasicia Kukalová, 1958 †Idelina Storozhenko, 1992 †Kemperala Brauckmann, 1984 †Khosaridelia Storozhenko, 1992 †Kortshakolia Sharov, 1961 †Kochopteron Brauckmann, 1984 †Mertovia Prokop and Nel, 2007 †Micaidelia Aristov 2004 †Mongoloidelia Storozhenko, 1992 †Olinka Kukalová, 1958 ?†Paolekia Riek, 1976 †Paolia Smith, 1871 †Paoliola Handlirsch, 1919 †Permotermopsis Martynov, 1937 †Permula Handlirsch, 1919 †Protoblattina Meunier, 1909 †Pseudofouquea Handlirsch, 1906 †Silesiapteron Prokop et al., 2013 †Simplexpaolia Santos et al., 2023 †Sojanidelia Storozhenko, 1992 †Stenaropodites Martynov, 1928 †Sustaia Kukalová, 1958 †Sylvidelia Martynov, 1940 †Zdenekia Kukalová, 1958

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Paoliida

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Paoliida claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Paoliida before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Paoliida ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Paoliida

In research: Paoliida appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Paoliida in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Paoliida is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Carboniferous insects, Extinct insect orders, Permian insects, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Paoliida outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Paoliida in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Paoliida means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Paoliida out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Paoliida in simple terms?

Why does Paoliida matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Paoliida?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Paoliida.