astronomy

Paul Murdin

Paul Murdin is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Paul Murdin rather than just read about it. In short: Paul Geoffrey Murdin (born 5 January 1942) is a British astronomer. He identified the first clear candidate for a black hole, Cygnus X-1, with his colleague Louise Webster.

Key takeaways

Paul Murdin belongs to astronomy; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Paul Murdin to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Paul Murdin from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Paul Geoffrey Murdin (born 5 January 1942) is a British astronomer. He identified the first clear candidate for a black hole, Cygnus X-1, with his colleague Louise Webster. He studied Mathematics and Physics at the universities of Oxford and Rochester. In 1962, he took an eight-week summer residential course supporting researchers at the Royal Greenwich Observatory in Herstmonceux and at the end was offered a post by the Astronomer Royal, Richard Woolley. He left to study a PhD at Rochester and returned to the RGO in 1970 as a research fellow. During his three-year contract there, he wondered what he could contribute to find out about the provenance of powerful cosmic x-ray sources that had recently been detected, particularly Cygnus X-1. After he had made unsuccessful searches for light variations and unusual spectra among the hundreds of stars within the area of positional uncertainty of the X-ray source, a radio star was found that was coincident with a star HDE226868. He decided, with the Australian Louise Webster, to investigate whether the star was a binary star, possibly with one of the pair being the X-ray source as well as a radio source, but not being visible. They measured the Doppler shift to find that HDE226868 was a binary star with an orbit of 5.6 days orbiting an invisible partner, presumably the source of the X-rays, and which they calculated to be certainly more than 2.5 and probably more than six solar masses. Such a star cannot be a white dwarf or neutron star and they assumed this body to be a black hole. With Louise Webster, he submitted a paper with "modest" language to Nature, only mentioning the term “black hole” in the final sentence. Woolley was quite conservative in his views on astronomy, regarding black holes as "fanciful" (also famously dismissing worthwhile space exploration as "utter bilge"). Astronomer Charles Thomas Bolton then published a paper with a similar conclusion and more astronomers followed suit. The discovery helped Murdin to secure his future employment. He and Webster were amongst the first staff astronomers at the Anglo-Australian Telescope and he continued in his vein of discovery using similar techniques. He returned to the Royal Greenwich Observatory and worked on developing the UK-Netherlands observatory at La Palma, which became the Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes. He was its first head of operations until 1987. He was the director of the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh from 1991–93. Then he joined the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council, planning and developing the UK's space research policy. He was President of the European Astronomical Society and Treasurer of the Royal Astronomical Society (to which he'd first been elected as a Junior Member at the age of 17 in 1959, moving to Fellow in April 1963), during which time membership increased, its public outreach programme was established and its journal became the most prominent worldwide. He presided over or chaired various committees of the International Astronomical Union (IAU). He has authored and edited academic and popular books on astronomy and has written for many journals and newspapers, and well as having appeared regularly on television and radio programmes. In 2023 he was a guest on the BBC Radio 4 programme The Life Scientific. Now retired and living in Cambridge, he is a visiting professor at Liverpool John Moores University, Senior Fellow Emeritus at the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge and Senior Member at Wolfson College.

Awards and legacy 1988: Officer of the Order of the British Empire. 2011: Award of the Royal Astronomical Society for Services to Astronomy. 2012: Eric Zucker award of the Federation of Astronomical Societies for outreach to amateur astronomers. 2012: Asteroid 128562, discovered in 2004 by astronomers in Arizona, was named 'Murdin' by the IAU.

Books Secrets of the Universe, Paul Murdin, Published by Thames and Hudson Ltd 2020-02-20, London (2020) ISBN 9780500295199 Universe: Exploring the Astronomical World, Kirsty Schaper, Paul Murdin and David Malin, Published by Phaidon Inc Ltd (2019), ISBN 9781838660154 The Secret Lives of Planets: A User's Guide to the Solar System, Paul Murdin, Published by Hodder & Stoughton (2019) ISBN 9781529319415 Rock Legends, Paul Murdin, Published by Springer (2016), ISBN 9783319318356 The History of Astronomy: discovering the universe, Paul Murdin, Published by Sevenoaks (2015) ISBN 9781781773529 Planetary Vistas : The Landscapes of Other Worlds, Paul Murdin, Published by Springer 2015-06 (2015) ISBN 9783319152417 Are We Being Watched?: The Search for Life in the Cosmos, Paul Murdin, Published by Thames and Hudson Ltd (2013) ISBN 9780500516713 Mapping the Universe : the Interactive History of Astronomy, Paul Murdin, Published by London: Sevenoaks Publishing (2011) Full Meridian of Glory: Perilous Adventures in the Competition to Measure the Earth, Paul Murdin, Published by Springer, New York (2009), ISBN 9780387755335 Secrets of the Universe: How We Discovered the Cosmos, Paul Murdin, Published by University Of Chicago Press (2009), ISBN 9780226551432 The Firefly Encyclopedia of Astronomy, Margaret Penston; Editor-Paul Murdin, Published by Firefly Books (2004) ISBN 9781552977972 Encyclopedia of astronomy and astrophysics, editor-in-chief Paul Murdin, Published by IoP Publishing Bristol (2001), ISBN 0333750888 End in Fire: The Supernova in the Large Magellanic Cloud, Paul, Murdin, Published by Cambridge University Press (1990) ISBN 9780521374958 Colours of the Galaxies, David Malin & Paul Murdin Published by PROMOTIONAL REPRINT COMPANY (1984) ISBN 9781856481267 Supernovae, Paul Murdin and Lesley Murdin, Published by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1985) ISBN 9780521300384 Colours of the Stars, Paul Murdin, (1984) ISBN 9780521257145 Catalogue of the Universe, Paul Murdin & David Allen, Published by Cambridge University (1979) ISBN 9780521228596 The New Astronomy: Black holes, white dwarfs, pulsars quasars, and supernovae, how the new astronomy is changing our concepts of the universe, Paul and Lesley Murdin, Published by Reference International (1978) The Astronomer's Telescope, Patrick Moore and Paul Murdin, Published by Brockhampton Press, Leicester (1962)

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Paul Murdin

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Paul Murdin claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Paul Murdin before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Paul Murdin ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Paul Murdin

In research: Paul Murdin appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Paul Murdin in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Paul Murdin is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1942 births, 20th-century British astronomers, Alumni of the University of Oxford, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Paul Murdin outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

Ask Teacher Smith questions about this articleOpens your AI tutor with a question about “Paul Murdin” →

Affiliate

Preply — study more efficiently by working with a personal tutor. 50% off.

How to study Paul Murdin in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Paul Murdin means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Paul Murdin out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Paul Murdin in simple terms?

Paul Geoffrey Murdin (born 5 January 1942) is a British astronomer. He identified the first clear candidate for a black hole, Cygnus X-1, with his colleague Louise Webster.

Why does Paul Murdin matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Paul Murdin?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Paul Murdin.