A payment processor is a data and communications center ("switch") that moves payment transactional data and messaging between a card issuing bank, a merchant, and a card acquiring bank (USA model) to enable financial transactions between purchasers and sellers. It processes payment information for various channels such as credit cards and debit cards or bank accounts. They are usually broken down into two types: front-end (for card authorization) and back-end (for settlements). Front-end processors have connections to various card associations and supply authorization and settlement services to the merchant banks' merchants. Back-end processors accept settlements from front-end processors and, via the Federal Reserve Bank for example, move the money from the issuing bank to the merchant bank. In an operation that usually takes a few seconds, the payment processor will both check the details received by forwarding them to the respective card's issuing bank or card association for verification, and also carry out a series of anti-fraud measures against the transaction. Additional parameters, including the card's country of issue and its previous payment history, are also used to gauge the probability of the transaction being approved. Once the payment processor has received confirmation that the credit card details have been verified, the information is relayed back via the payment gateway to the merchant, who will then complete the payment transaction. If verification is denied by the card association, the payment processor will relay the information to the merchant, who will then decline the transaction.
Evolution of payment technology After centuries of using metal coins, paper currency made its first appearance in China during the Tang dynasty (around the 10th century AD) and was later introduced to the West in the 17th century. Also in the 17th century, people began to use checks as a payment method, which grew in popularity from the 1800s to the early 1900s. To help streamline and centralize the multiple types of currency, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act in 1913. The first payment card was created in 1950 by Ralph Schneider and Frank McNamara to allow members to use charge cards at their Diners’ Club, and consumers were required to pay their bill in full each month. In 1959, American Express created the first credit card that allowed users to carry a balance from month to month. The ATM emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as part of the growing movement toward “self-service” technology. ATMs provided the first technology-enabled banking option that allowed consumers to conveniently deposit and withdraw cash, without being restricted to a particular bank location or business hours. In 1972, the first Automated Clearinghouse (ACH) association was formed in California in response to bank industry concerns that widespread check usage would outpace the technology needed to process them. ACH became the primary method of electronic funds transfer (EFT) for agencies, businesses, and individuals to pay or collect money online, and is still commonly used today. Over the following decades, the evolution of payment technology accelerated. The first digital currency is attributed to an algorithm developed by David Chaum in 1983. Although modern folklore suggests the possibility of early internet purchases – specifically, online marijuana sales between MIT and Stanford students in 1971 and 1972, a 1974 pizza order by Donald Sherman, and a 1984 grocery purchase by Jane Snowball – the first legitimately recognized online purchase was most likely a CD sold by Dan Kohn in 1994 using a website he developed called NetMarket. The first online payment processing company was founded in 1998, first under the name Confinity, which was later changed to X.com, changing again to its current name, PayPal, in 2001. The market continued to expand over the following two decades, branching out into a full payment processing ecosystem that includes card companies, digital wallets and apps, cryptocurrencies, payments software platforms and gateways, eCommerce partnerships, and peer-to-peer payments. Other technologies that are vital to the payment ecosystem are data security systems and processes, automated functionality, and customer engagement tools. The future of the payment processing industry is being driven by an increase in vertical-specific processors, the accelerated adoption of contactless payment methods (in response to COVID-19-related limitations on contact and in-person interactions), and the trend toward customer choice and autonomy, particularly in western cultures.
Modern implementations Due to the many regulatory requirements levied on businesses, the modern payment processor is usually partnered with merchants through a concept known as software-as-a-service (SaaS). SaaS payment processors offer a single, regulatory-compliant electronic portal that enables a merchant to scan checks (often called remote deposit capture or RDC), process single and recurring credit card payments (without the merchant storing the card data at the merchant site), process single and recurring ACH and cash transactions, process remittances and Web payments. These cloud-based features occur regardless of origination through the payment processor's integrated receivables management platform. This results in cost reductions, accelerated time-to-market, and improved transaction processing quality.
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