earth science

Pebas Formation

Pebas Formation is a earth science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Pebas Formation rather than just read about it. In short: The Pebas Formation is a lithostratigraphic unit of Miocene age, found in western Amazonia. The formation extends over 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi), including parts of Brazil, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia.

Key takeaways

Pebas Formation belongs to earth science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Pebas Formation to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Pebas Formation from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

The Pebas Formation is a lithostratigraphic unit of Miocene age, found in western Amazonia. The formation extends over 1,000,000 square kilometres (390,000 sq mi), including parts of Brazil, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. It is interpreted as representing the deposits of a lake ("Lake Pebas") or series of lakes, formed within the foreland basin of the Andes mountain belt. It is known for its abundant fossil ostracods and molluscs and an unusually diverse group of crocodylians.

Fossil content

Fish

Insects

Mammals

Reptiles

Correlations

Laventan

Huayquerian

References

Bibliography Montoya A., Diana M.; Alonso O., Diego; Pinilla O., Alejandro; Arenas M, José E. (2011), Geología de las Planchas 567, 568, 568bis, 569 and 569bis - 1:200,000 (PDF), Servicio Geológico Colombiano, pp. 1–187, retrieved 2018-06-01 Salas Gismondi, R.; Flynn, J.J.; Baby, P.; Tejada Lara, J.V.; Wesselingh, F.P.; Antoine, P-O. (2015), "A Miocene hyperdiverse crocodylian community reveals peculiar trophic dynamics in proto-Amazonian mega-wetlands", Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282 (1804) 20142490, doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2490, PMC 4375856, PMID 25716785 Wesselingh, F.P.; Hoorn, M.C.; Guerrero, J.; Räsänen, M.E.; Romero Pittmann, L.; Salo, J. (2006), "The stratigraphy and regional structure of Miocene deposits in western Amazonia (Peru, Colombia and Brazil), with implications for late Neogene landscape evolution", Scripta Geologica, 133: 291–322, retrieved 2017-08-15

Further reading Antoine, P.; Abello, J.A.; Adnet, S.; Altamirano Sierra, A.J.; Baby, P.; Billet, G.; Boivin, M.; Calderón, Y.; Candela and J. Chabain, F. Corfu, D. A. Croft, M. Ganerød, C. Jaramillo, S. Klaus, L. Marivaux, R. E. Navarrete, M. J. Orliac, F. Parra, M. E. Pérez, F. Pujos, J. Rage, Anthony Ravel, Céline Robinet, Martin Roddaz, Julia Victoria Tejada Lara, Jorge Vélez-Juarbe, Frank P. Wesselingh and Rodolfo Salas Gismondi, A.R. (2016), "A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru" (PDF), Gondwana Research, 31: 30–59, Bibcode:2016GondR..31...30A, doi:10.1016/j.gr.2015.11.001, retrieved 2020-03-19{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Marcos C.Bissaro-Júnior, Leonardo Kerber, James L.Crowley, Ana M.Ribeiro, Renato P.Ghilardi, Edson Guilherme, Francisco R.Negri, Jonas P.Souza Filho, Annie S.Hsiou: "Detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology constrains the age of Brazilian Neogene deposits from Western Amazonia." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Volume 516, 15 February 2019, Pages 64–70 doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.11.032

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Pebas Formation

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Pebas Formation claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In earth science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Pebas Formation before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Pebas Formation ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Pebas Formation

In research: Pebas Formation appears in earth science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Pebas Formation in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Pebas Formation is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Chasicoan, Coal formations, Colhuehuapian, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Pebas Formation outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Pebas Formation in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Pebas Formation means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Pebas Formation out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Pebas Formation in simple terms?

Why does Pebas Formation matter?

Because it connects several earth science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Pebas Formation?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Pebas Formation.