The Penning–Malmberg trap (PM trap), named after Frans Penning and John Malmberg, is an electromagnetic device used to confine large numbers of charged particles of a single sign of charge. Much interest in Penning–Malmberg (PM) traps arises from the fact that if the density of particles is large and the temperature is low, the gas will become a single-component plasma. While confinement of electrically neutral plasmas is generally difficult, single-species plasmas (an example of a non-neutral plasma) can be confined for long times in PM traps. They are the method of choice to study a variety of plasma phenomena. They are also widely used to confine antiparticles such as positrons (i.e., anti-electrons) and antiprotons for use in studies of the properties of antimatter and interactions of antiparticles with matter.
Design and operation A schematic design of a PM trap is shown in Fig. 1. Charged particles of a single sign of charge are confined in a vacuum inside an electrode structure consisting of a stack of hollow, metal cylinders. A uniform axial magnetic field B {\displaystyle B} is applied to inhibit positron motion radially, and voltages are imposed on the end electrodes to prevent particle loss in the magnetic field direction. This is similar to the arrangement in a Penning trap, but with an extended confinement electrode to trap large numbers of particles (e.g., N ≥ 10 10 {\displaystyle N\geq 10^{10}} ). Such traps are renowned for their good confinement properties. This is due to the fact that, for a sufficiently strong magnetic field, the canonical angular momentum L z {\displaystyle L_{z}} of the charge cloud (i.e., including angular momentum due to the magnetic field B) in the direction z {\displaystyle z} of the field is approximately
where r j {\displaystyle r_{j}} is the radial position of the j {\displaystyle j} th particle, N {\displaystyle N} is the total number of particles, and ω c = e B / m {\displaystyle {\omega _{c}}=eB/m} is the cyclotron frequency, with particle mass m and charge e. If the system has no magnetic or electrostatic asymmetries in the plane perpendicular to B {\displaystyle B} , there are no torques on the plasma; thus L z {\displaystyle L_{z}} is constant, and the plasma cannot expand. As discussed below, these plasmas do expand due to magnetic and/or electrostatic asymmetries thought to be due to imperfections in trap construction. The PM traps are typically filled using sources of low energy charged particles. In the case of electrons, this can be done using a hot filament or electron gun. For positrons, a sealed radioisotope source and "moderator" (the latter used to slow the positrons to electron-volt energies) can be used. Techniques have been developed to measure the plasma length, radius, temperature, and density in the trap, and to excite plasma waves and oscillations. It is frequently useful to compress plasmas radially to increase the plasma density and/or to combat asymmetry-induced transport. This can be accomplished by applying a torque on the plasma using rotating electric fields [the so-called "rotating wall" (RW) technique], or in the case of ion plasmas, using laser light. Very long confinement times (hours or days) can be achieved using these techniques. Particle cooling is frequently necessary to maintain good confinement (e.g., to mitigate the heating from RW torques). This can be accomplished in a number of ways, such as using inelastic collisions with molecular gases, or in the case of ions, using lasers. In the case of electrons or positrons, if the magnetic field is sufficiently strong, the particles will cool by cyclotron radiation.
History and uses The confinement and properties of single species plasmas in (what are now known as) PM traps was first studied by John Malmberg and John DeGrassie. Confinement was shown to be excellent as compared to that for neutral plasmas. It was also shown that, while good, confinement is not perfect and there are particle losses. Penning–Malmberg traps have been used to study a variety of transport mechanisms. Figure 2 shows an early study of confinement in a PM trap as a function of a background pressure of helium gas. At higher pressures, transport is due to electron-atom collisions, while at lower pressures, there is a pressure-independent particle loss mechanism. The latter ("anomalous transport") mechanism has been shown to be due to inadvertent magnetic and electrostatic asymmetries and the effects of trapped particles. There is evidence that confinement in PM traps is improved if the main confinement electrode (blue in Fig. 1) is replaced by a series of coaxial cylinders biased to create a smoothly varying potential well (a "multi-ring PM trap").
… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.
![Penning–Malmberg trap: Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of a Penning–Malmberg trap biased to confine positively charged particles in a set of three cylindrical metal electrodes (green and blue). Due to the particles' charge, there is a radial electric field which causes the plasma to rotate about the magnetic field direction with angular velocity ωr. See Ref.[2] and for details.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/PM_Trap_Schematic.jpg/330px-PM_Trap_Schematic.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail)
![Penning–Malmberg trap: Fig. 2. Decay time
τ
m
{\displaystyle \tau _{m}}
of the central density of a pure electron plasma as a function of helium gas pressure at magnetic fields of (□) 0.07, (⋄) 0.02, and (○) 0.004 tesla. Adapted from Ref.[13]](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Decay_of_pure_electron_plasma.png/330px-Decay_of_pure_electron_plasma.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=parser&utm_content=thumbnail)
