The Pentium F00F bug is a design flaw in Intel's P5 microarchitecture, and present in CPUs based on it, including the original Pentium, Pentium MMX, and Pentium OverDrive. Discovered in 1997, it can result in the processor ceasing to function until the computer is physically rebooted. This bug has been circumvented through later operating system updates. Intel eventually fixed the flaw in their B2 stepping level of the chips, released c. 1999. The name is shorthand for F0 0F C7 C8, the hexadecimal encoding of one offending instruction. More formally, the bug is called the invalid operand with locked CMPXCHG8B instruction bug.
Description In the x86 architecture, the byte sequence F0 0F C7 C8 represents the instruction lock cmpxchg8b eax (locked compare and exchange of 8 bytes in register EAX). The bug also applies to opcodes ending in C9 through CF, which specify register operands other than EAX. The F0 0F C7 C8 instruction does not require any special privileges. This instruction encoding is invalid. The cmpxchg8b instruction compares the value in the EDX and EAX registers with an 8-byte value in a memory location. In this case, however, a register is specified instead of a memory location, which is not allowed. Under normal circumstances, this would simply result in an exception; however, when used with the lock prefix (normally used to prevent two processors from interfering with the same memory location), the CPU erroneously uses locked bus cycles to read the illegal instruction exception-handler descriptor. Locked reads must be paired with locked writes, and the CPU's bus interface enforces this by forbidding other memory accesses until the corresponding writes occur. As none are forthcoming, after performing these bus cycles all CPU activity stops, and the CPU must be reset to recover. Due to the proliferation of Intel microprocessors, the existence of this open-privilege instruction was considered a serious issue at the time. Operating system vendors responded by implementing workarounds that detected the condition and prevented the crash. Information about the bug first appeared on the Internet on or around 8 November 1997. Since the F00F bug has become common knowledge, the term is sometimes used to describe similar hardware design flaws such as the Cyrix coma bug. No permanent hardware damage results from executing the F00F instruction on a vulnerable system; it simply locks up until rebooted. However, data loss of unsaved data is likely if the disk buffers have not been flushed, if drives were interrupted during a write operation, or if some other non-atomic operation was interrupted. The B2 stepping solved this issue for Intel's Pentium processors. The F00F instruction can be considered an example of a Halt and Catch Fire (HCF) instruction.
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