astronomy

Per Kågeson

Per Kågeson is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Per Kågeson rather than just read about it. In short: Per Kågeson (born 14 April 1947 in Trollhättan) is a Swedish author, scientist, debater and consultant within the area of environmental protection. During the 1970s and '80s, Kågeson was a leading representative for the opposition of nuclear energy.

Key takeaways

Per Kågeson belongs to astronomy; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Per Kågeson to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Per Kågeson from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Per Kågeson (born 14 April 1947 in Trollhättan) is a Swedish author, scientist, debater and consultant within the area of environmental protection. During the 1970s and '80s, Kågeson was a leading representative for the opposition of nuclear energy.

Biography Per Olof Ragnar Kågeson holds a PhD in environment and energy system analysis from the Lund University and is the author of more than 30 books. He was professor in environment system analysis at the Centre for Transport Studies of the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm and part-time director of Nature Associates, a small private consultancy. Kågeson specialized in the cost-efficiency of measures and policies for improving the environmental performance of transport and has done extensive work on emissions trading, vehicle and fuel taxation, fuel efficiency requirements, and the internalization of external costs. Several of his reports and papers deal with the environmental problems of international shipping. He is also the author of books on nuclear power and on the environmental aspects of power production in general. As president of the European Federation for Transport and Environment (T&E) in 1992, Kågeson started an NGO campaign for making the European Union adopt mandatory fuel efficiency standards for passenger cars, and he has since written many reports, papers and books on this subject. Such standards were finally introduced in Europe in 2008. In 1998, Kågeson analysed the possibilities for cycle-beating available to the automotive industry. He showed what European legislators needed to do to prevent manufacturers from making a vehicle's computer recognize when the car was driven according to the official test cycle and when used in real traffic. In 2015, it was revealed that the Volkswagen Group had used precisely this type of cycle-beating in more than 11 million vehicles, to allow them much higher emissions of nitrogen oxides when used in real traffic compared to when being driven according to the test cycle.

Appointments

Kågeson was president of the Swedish Writers' Union (1984–1987), member of the Environmental Advisory Council of the Swedish government (1983–1994), president of the European Federation for Transport and Environment (1992–1996) and member of the European Commission's consultative forum on the environment and sustainable development (1997–2001). He is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences.

Bibliography – selected titles in English Making Fuel Go Further: A Critical Evaluation of Different Political Instruments for Improving the Fuel Efficiency of New Cars and Other Light Vehicles, Brussels: European Federation for Transport and Environment, T&E 92/6, 1992 Getting the Prices Right – A European Scheme for Making Transport Pay its True Costs, Brussels: European Federation for Transport and Environment, 1993, ISBN 978-9155877217 Growth versus the environment – is there a trade-off?, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press, 1998, ISBN 978-94-011-5264-8 Cycle-Beating and the EU Test Cycle for Cars, Brussels: European Federation for Transport and Environment, 1998 Electronic Kilometre Charging for Heavy Goods Vehicles in Europe (with Jos Dings), Brussels, European Federation for Transport and Environment, 1999 The Drive for Less Fuel, Will the motor industry be able to honour its commitment to the European Union?, Brussels: European Federation for Transport and Environment, 2000 The Impact of CO2 Emissions Trading on the European Transport Sector, Stockholm: The Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems, VINNOVA Report VR 2001:17. Linking CO2 Emissions from International Shipping to the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, Berlin: Umweltbundesamt, 2007 Tools for Cutting European Transport Emissions. CO2 Emissions Trading or Fuel Taxation?, Stockholm: SNS, 2008, ISBN 978-9185695775 Applying the Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibility to the Mitigation of Greenhouse Gases from International Shipping. Stockholm: Centre for Transport Studies, CTS Working Paper 2011:5 Market-based Instruments for NOx Abatement in the Baltic Sea, Brussels: Airclim, EEB and T&E, 2009, ISBN 978-91-975883-6-2 "Can high speed rail offset its embedded emissions?" (with Jonas Westin). Transportation Research Part D, 17 (2012) 1–7,

References

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Per Kågeson

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Per Kågeson claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Per Kågeson before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Per Kågeson ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Per Kågeson

In research: Per Kågeson appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Per Kågeson in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Per Kågeson is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1947 births, 20th-century Swedish non-fiction writers, 21st-century Swedish non-fiction writers, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Per Kågeson outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Per Kågeson in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Per Kågeson means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Per Kågeson out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Per Kågeson in simple terms?

Why does Per Kågeson matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Per Kågeson?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Per Kågeson.