science

Periodatonickelates

Periodatonickelates is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Periodatonickelates rather than just read about it. In short: The periodatonickelates are a series of anions and salts of nickel complexed to the periodate anion. The most important of these salts are the diperiodatonickelates, in which nickel exhibits the +4 oxidation state: these are powerful oxidising agents, capable of oxidising bromate to perbromate.

Key takeaways

Periodatonickelates belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Periodatonickelates to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Periodatonickelates from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

The periodatonickelates are a series of anions and salts of nickel complexed to the periodate anion. The most important of these salts are the diperiodatonickelates, in which nickel exhibits the +4 oxidation state: these are powerful oxidising agents, capable of oxidising bromate to perbromate. The first periodatonickalates discovered were sodium nickel periodate (NaNiIO6·0.5H2O) and potassium nickel periodate (KNiIO6·0.5H2O). P. Ray and B. Sarma obtained these dark purple double salts in 1949, mixing nickel sulfate with potassium or sodium periodate and (as oxidant) a boiling aqueous solution of an alkali persulfate salt. It is now known that ozone can replace the persulfate salt, and that similar solids exist for other alkali (RbNiIO6·0.5H2O, CsNiIO6·0.5H2O, and NH4NiIO6·0.5H2O), as well as certain other tetravalent metals (including manganese, germanium, tin and lead). The crystalline salts are insoluble in water, acid, or base. The colour is due to absorbance of visible light shorter than 800 nm, with a peak at 540 nm. The crystal structure of each has space group P312. The structure is built from hexagonal oxygen layers; in every other layer, alkali atoms fill one-third of the hexagon centers and iodine and nickel fill the remainder; in the other layers, the centers are vacant. The diperiodatonickelates, also known as dihydroxydiperiodatonickelates, contain nickel in the +4 oxidation state along with two periodate anions. A solid monoperiodatonickelate salt KNiIO6·0.5H2O will dissolve in a solution of potassium hydroxide and potassium periodate to yield a diperiodatonickelate solution. The [Ni(OH)2[IO5OH]2]6− ion can form a brown salt with sodium (Na4H2[Ni(OH)2[IO5OH]2]·6H2O), another acidic sodium salt (Na5[Ni(OH)2[IO5OH]2]·H2O) and an orange salt with cobalt ([Co(en)3]2Ni(OH)2[IO5OH]2). Diperiodatometalates with the same formula also exist for palladium and nickel, and similar diperiodatometalates can be made for Cu, Ag, Au, Ru and Os. A diperiodatonickelate will dissolve in alkaline water. Depending on pH and concentration, the resulting solution is an equilibrium between [Ni(OH)2[IO3(OH)3]2]2− and [Ni(OH)2[IO3(OH)3][IO4(OH)2]]3−. It is also a strong oxidiser: like very few reagents, it oxidises bromate to perbromate. In the reaction, NiIV reduces to NiIII with the release of a hydroxyl radical. The radical then oxidises bromate to a BrO42− radical, which NiIII then converts to perbromate BrO4−.

References

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Periodatonickelates

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Periodatonickelates claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Periodatonickelates before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Periodatonickelates ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Periodatonickelates

In research: Periodatonickelates appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Periodatonickelates in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Periodatonickelates is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Nickel complexes, Oxidizing agents, Periodates, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Periodatonickelates outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Periodatonickelates in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Periodatonickelates means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Periodatonickelates out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Periodatonickelates in simple terms?

Why does Periodatonickelates matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Periodatonickelates?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Periodatonickelates.