"Pester power", or "the nag factor", as the phenomenon is known in U.S. literature, is the "tendency of children, who are bombarded with marketers' messages, to unrelentingly request advertised items". The phrase is used to describe the negative connotations of children's influence in their parents' buying habits. Due to children's buying influence growing in line with average household income, some commentators now refer to the home as being a "filiarchy" due to the power that children may hold in the household's consumer choices. This makes pester power relevant for the modern household. Pester power is commonly used by marketing companies to target the 4–6 years old category as they have limited disposable income of their own, and consequently do not have the means to buy goods themselves. The growth of the issue of pester power is directly related to the rise of child advertising. Mr. Potato Head was the first children's toy to be advertised on television; this aired in 1952 and paved the way for pester power, as pitching to children was seen to be an innovative new idea. It is now a convention for children's products to be directly marketed at children. Through pester power, children have assumed role of being the "ultimate weapon" in influencing family spending because of the how they consistently nag their parents. As a result, children have been likened to being a "Trojan horse" within the modern household for marketing companies. One key criticism of pester power is that it implies repeated nagging by the child. However, young children may not be eloquent enough to have any other feasible methods of persuasion, and consequently the notion that adverts are specifically designed to encourage young children to nag could be argued not to be the case.
Targeting
The average child in the United States sees more than 3,000 advertisements per day across a variety of different media forms (as of 1999) and the average Mexican Child will see 12,000 adverts for junk food every year. Consequently, different methodologies are employed in order to maximize a child's influence in a household's purchasing habits. Exploiting pester power as a marketing tool to try to influence buying habits can take more than one form, crucially as the "way a child nags isn't always the same". Indeed, there are a large array of different ways in which children can pester. Studies identify different methods of nagging/pestering to try to achieve the marketers desired goal of the child influencing the parents to buy the product. In the 2011 issue of the Journal of Children and Media the three main types of nagging are identified as: juvenile nagging, nagging to test boundaries, and manipulative nagging. The trend was that both nagging as a whole and manipulative nagging significantly increasing with age. Another study suggests that there are two main ways children pester their parents. The first method is persistent nagging, which is said to be "whiny": it involves the child trying to get what they want by being badly behaved until they succeed. This is contrasted with importance nagging, in which the child rationally demands the good and shows why that product is particularly important, for instance identifying the benefit of a specific toy in relation to others, for example completing a set. These strategies are employed in different circumstances to try to circumvent various different types of parental guards against pestering. Joel Bakan, author of The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power, identifies four different parent types who can all be influenced in different ways. First are bare necessities parents, who are financially able to pander to the whims of the children; these parents are likely only to give in if the child can demonstrate a need or benefit of the product. This contrasts with the three more easily influenced parent types, "Kids Pals", "Indulgers" and "Conflicteds". Kids Pals are identified as being relaxed and young, Indulgers seem to buy their children's affection, making up for their lack of parental contact time, and thirdly the Conflicteds who do not deliberately impulse buy, but continue to do so anyway; this group is more likely to submit to persistence. Indeed, when parents say 'no' they are often then subjected to family conflict and strife. The scale of the issue is widespread as 74% of households said that pester power impacted on their buying habits. Furthermore, the age at which children are targeted is reducing, in a ploy to retain the child's loyalty as the child grows up to try to build a loyal buyer base. McNeal spoke of "brand name preference" being crucial from an early age, which is validated by Mike Searles, the former president of Toys "R" Us, who said "[I]f you own this child at an early age... you can own this child for years to come".
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