astronomy

Peter Carl Ludwig Schwarz

Peter Carl Ludwig Schwarz is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Peter Carl Ludwig Schwarz rather than just read about it. In short: Peter Carl Ludwig Schwarz (Julian, O.S.: 23 May 1822, Danzig-Gdańsk – 17 September 1894, St. George's?, buried in Tartu)(Gregorian, N.S.: 4 June 1822 – 29 September 1894), referred to mostly as Ludwig Schwarz, was a Baltic German astronomer of Imperial Russia, explorer, and professor of astronomy at the University of Dorpat honored with the Konstantin Medal of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society.

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Reference excerpt

Peter Carl Ludwig Schwarz (Julian, O.S.: 23 May 1822, Danzig-Gdańsk – 17 September 1894, St. George's?, buried in Tartu)(Gregorian, N.S.: 4 June 1822 – 29 September 1894), referred to mostly as Ludwig Schwarz, was a Baltic German astronomer of Imperial Russia, explorer, and professor of astronomy at the University of Dorpat honored with the Konstantin Medal of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. Schwarz also was a recipient of the Demidov Prize of the Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg in 1865 for his work in geodesy.

Palaeoarctic Siberian Asia Expeditions Following assignment by Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve as a field expedition astronomer (1849–1853) to study the Amur River, astronomer Schwarz led (1854–1862) the East Siberian Expedition of 1855 which extensively explored unknown and unmapped territory in Eastern Siberia, such as the Turan Range and the North Baikal Highlands. The Siberian expedition went into central Asia, southeastern Asia, and northern China. Some of the routes travelled were as long as 10,000 miles. Utilizing his prior Amur field knowledge of astronomy he would determine geographical positions of certain points (geodesy) for preparation of geographical maps. The information would later be used in planning the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway systems and others in southeast Asia. The volumes reporting the results of the expedition were published in 1864. The separate tomes concerning the vegetation and wildlife reports were prepared by the expedition's botanist and zoologist Gustav Radde.

Dorpat Observatory Ludwig Schwarz served as the Director of Dorpat Observatory (now Tartu Observatory) from 1872 to 1891, succeeding Thomas Clausen who held the position from 1866 to 1872. Upon the retirement of Schwarz from the directorship on 1 September 1891 the position became the responsibility of Grigori Levitski who held it until 1908. During his tenure in later life he conducted studies of one third of the 10,000 celestial stars visible at Tartu.

Legacy Radde's warbler, a leaf warbler bird that breeds in Siberia and winters in southeast Asia, bears a scientific name (Phylloscopus schwarzi) that commemorates Schwarz. The bird was described in 1863 by naturalist and fellow explorer Gustav Radde who served in the East Siberian Expedition of 1855 led by Schwarz.

Gallery

Works His publications include: German:

Schwarz, Ludwig (1889); Eine Studie auf dem Gebiete der Practischen Astronomie; Dorpat. [English: A Study in the Field of Practical Astronomy]. Schwarz, Ludwig (1887–1893); Beobachtungen, angestellt und herausgegeben von Ludwig Schwarz, Band 17-20; Kaiserliche Universitats-Sternwarte, Dorpat (Jurjew) [English: Observations made and published from Ludwig Schwarz, Volumes 17-20; Imperial University Observatory].

See also List of astronomers List of Russian astronomers and astrophysicists List of Russian explorers History of Siberia Russian conquest of Siberia

Notes

Citations

References

Books English:

Great Britain, India Office (1878), A Catalogue of Manuscript and Printed Reports, Field Books, Memoirs, Maps, etc., of the Indian Surveys, Deposited in the Map Room of the India Office. See Amur map catalogue entry appearing in the Asiatic Russia section, p. 511. Mollin, Richard A. (2011), Algebraic Number Theory, Second Edition, CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-4398-4599-8 (ebook). SCTLRAS (1900), Supplementary Catalogue of The Library of the Royal Astronomical Society, June 1884 – 1898, Royal Astronomical Society, Burlington House, London; Spottiswoode & Co., London (publisher). Siilivask, Karl (1985), History of Tartu University: 1632-1982, Perioodika. This reference uses "(1822-1894)" at p. 119. German:

Raade, Gustav (1863), Reisen im Suden von Ost-Sibirien in den Jahren 1855-59, Russian Geographical Society. 2 volumes: I. Die Saugethierfauna, 1862; II. Die Festlands-Ornis, 1864. From volume 2, p. 260, plate 9, figs. 1a, 1b, 1c (1863). [English: Travel to the South of Eastern Siberia in the Years 1855-59: I. The Wildland Animal Fauna, 1862; II. The Mainland-Birds, 1864]. Collectively referred to as Reisen im Suden Ost-Sibiriens [English: Travel to the South East Siberians].

Journals English:

EMWS "Scientific News". English Mechanic and World of Science. 60 (1548): 317. 1894., 23 November 1894. Kropotkin (1903), (Prince) Pyotr Alexeyevich; and Freshfield, Douglas W., "Obituary. Dr. Gustav Radde." The Geographical Journal, Vol. 21, No. 5 (May, 1903), pp. 563–565. The Royal Geographical Society (publisher). MNRAS (1888), Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 48 (1887–1888), Burlington House, London; Spottiswoode & Co., London (publisher); entry as: Dorpat, Kaiserliche Universitats-Sternwarte, Band xvii. Angestellt und herausgegeben von Ludwig Schwarz. Observatory, Editor (1894), The Observatory: A Review of Astronomy, vol. 17, The Royal Astronomical Society, p. 376 {{citation}}: |first= has generic name (help). November 1894 issue. United Kingdom. Outlook, "October Necrology". The Outlook. 50: 775. 1894., 10 November 1894 issue, necrology entry for October 3. PASP, "Unbound books and pamphlets". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 3 (18). Astronomical Society of the Pacific: 330. 1891. Bibcode:1891PASP....3..320.. doi:10.1086/120346. S2CID 250814450., San Francisco, USA.

Maps Russian:

Amur Region, 1861. Amur Region, 1864. [English: Amur catalog entry of 2 Russian maps appears in the Great Britain, India Office (1878) book at p. 511 in the section "Asiatic Russia" [noted above] as: "The Amur. KAPTA Map of the Region of the AMUR with the upper parts of the Lena and Yenisei and the Island of Saghalin Constructed from the observation of the Siberian expedition of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society by Ludwig Schwarz astronomer to the expedition St Petersburg 1861 In Russian Scale 1 1,680,000 or about 27 miles to 1 inch on 7 sheets in a cover size of each 25 inches by 31. Another edition dated 1864."]

External links Tartu Observatory profile of Ludwig Schwarz

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Peter Carl Ludwig Schwarz

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Peter Carl Ludwig Schwarz claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Peter Carl Ludwig Schwarz before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Peter Carl Ludwig Schwarz ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Peter Carl Ludwig Schwarz

In research: Peter Carl Ludwig Schwarz appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Peter Carl Ludwig Schwarz in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Peter Carl Ludwig Schwarz is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1822 births, 1894 deaths, 19th-century German astronomers, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Peter Carl Ludwig Schwarz outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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Frequently asked questions

What is Peter Carl Ludwig Schwarz in simple terms?

Why does Peter Carl Ludwig Schwarz matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Peter Carl Ludwig Schwarz?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Peter Carl Ludwig Schwarz.