biology

Phi11 holin family

Phi11 holin family is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Phi11 holin family rather than just read about it. In short: The Phi11 Holin (φ11 Holin) Family (TC# 1.E.11) constitutes the Holin Superfamily I. One characterized member of this family, pneumococcal EJ-1 phage holin (EJh; TC# 1.E.11.1.3), is a hydrophobic peptide of 85 amino acyl residues in length (aas) with 2 putative transmembrane segments (TMSs) displaying lethal inner membrane disruptive activity.

Key takeaways

Phi11 holin family belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Phi11 holin family to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Phi11 holin family from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

The Phi11 Holin (φ11 Holin) Family (TC# 1.E.11) constitutes the Holin Superfamily I. One characterized member of this family, pneumococcal EJ-1 phage holin (EJh; TC# 1.E.11.1.3), is a hydrophobic peptide of 85 amino acyl residues in length (aas) with 2 putative transmembrane segments (TMSs) displaying lethal inner membrane disruptive activity. The synthetic N-terminal TMS flanked by its N-terminal positively charged residues folds into a transmembrane α-helix that increases the membrane permeability. Oligomeric channels of various sizes form depending on the peptide to lipid ratio. By atomic force microscopy, peptide-induced membrane holes can be seen. A representative list of proteins belonging to the φ11 holin family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.

See also Holin Lysin WikiGenes: holin Transporter Classification Database

Further reading Bon, J.; Mani, N.; Jayaswal, R. K. (1997-07-01). "Molecular analysis of lytic genes of bacteriophage 80 alpha of Staphylococcus aureus". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43 (7): 612–616. ISSN 0008-4166.PMID 9246739. Cerca, N.; Oliveira, R.; Azeredo, J. (2007-09-01). "Susceptibility of Staphylococcus epidermidis planktonic cells and biofilms to the lytic action of staphylococcus bacteriophage K". Letters in Applied Microbiology 45 (3): 313–317. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02190.x. ISSN 0266-8254. PMID 17718845. Curtin, John J.; Donlan, Rodney M. (2006-04-01). "Using bacteriophages to reduce formation of catheter-associated biofilms by Staphylococcus epidermidis".Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50 (4): 1268–1275. doi:10.1128/AAC.50.4.1268-1275.2006. ISSN 0066-4804. PMC 1426991. PMID 16569839. Iandolo, John J.; Worrell, Veronica; Groicher, Kajetan H.; Qian, Yudong; Tian, Runying; Kenton, Steve; Dorman, Angela; Ji, Honggui; Lin, Shaoping (2002-05-01)."Comparative analysis of the genomes of the temperate bacteriophages φ11, φ12 and φ13 of Staphylococcus aureus 8325". Gene 289 (1–2): 109–118.doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(02)00481-X. Loessner, M. J.; Gaeng, S.; Wendlinger, G.; Maier, S. K.; Scherer, S. (1998-05-15). "The two-component lysis system of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage Twort: a large TTG-start holin and an associated amidase endolysin". FEMS Microbiology Letters162 (2): 265–274. ISSN 0378-1097. PMID 9627962. Martínez, Virginia; García, Pedro; García, José Luis; Prieto, María Auxiliadora (2011-07-01). "Controlled autolysis facilitates the polyhydroxyalkanoate recovery in Pseudomonas putida KT2440". Microbial Biotechnology 4(4): 533–547. doi:10.1111/j.1751-7915.2011.00257.x.ISSN 1751-7915. PMC 3815265. PMID 21418544. Seal, Bruce S.; Fouts, Derrick E.; Simmons, Mustafa; Garrish, Johnna K.; Kuntz, Robin L.; Woolsey, Rebekah; Schegg, Kathleen M.; Kropinski, Andrew M.; Ackermann, Hans-W. (2011-01-01). "Clostridium perfringens bacteriophages ΦCP39O and ΦCP26F: genomic organization and proteomic analysis of the virions". Archives of Virology 156 (1): 25–35.doi:10.1007/s00705-010-0812-z. ISSN 1432-8798.PMC 4127328. PMID 20963614. Xia, Guoqing; Wolz, Christiane (2014-01-01)."Phages of Staphylococcus aureus and their impact on host evolution". Infection, Genetics and Evolution 21: 593–601. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2013.04.022.

References

As of 10 March 2016, this article is derived in whole or in part from Transporter Classification Database (TCDB). The copyright holder has licensed the content in a manner that permits reuse under CC BY-SA 3.0 and GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed. The original text was at "1.E.11 The φ11 Holin (φ11 Holin) Family"

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Phi11 holin family

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Phi11 holin family claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Phi11 holin family before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Phi11 holin family ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Phi11 holin family

In research: Phi11 holin family appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Phi11 holin family in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Phi11 holin family is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Holins, Protein families, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Phi11 holin family outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

Ask Teacher Smith questions about this articleOpens your AI tutor with a question about “Phi11 holin family” →

Affiliate

Preply — study more efficiently by working with a personal tutor. 50% off.

How to study Phi11 holin family in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Phi11 holin family means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Phi11 holin family out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Phi11 holin family in simple terms?

Why does Phi11 holin family matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Phi11 holin family?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Phi11 holin family.