In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus described the Pisces as:
Always inhabiting the waters; are swift in their motion and voracious in their appetites. They breathe by means of gills, which are generally united by a bony arch; swim by means of radiate fins, and are mostly covered over with cartilaginous scales. Besides the parts they have in common with other animals, they are furnished with a nictitant membrane, and most of them with a swim-bladder, by the contraction or dilatation of which, they can raise or sink themselves in their element at pleasure. Linnaean Characteristics
Heart: 1 auricle, 1 ventricle. Cold, dark red blood Gills: external Jaw: incumbent Penis: (usually) none Eggs: without whites Organs of Sense: tongue, nostrils?, eyes, ears Covering: imbricate scales Supports: fins. Swims in the Water & Smacks.
Apodes
Muraena (eels) Muraena helena – Mediterranean moray Muraena ophis – Spotted snake eel Muraena serpens – Serpent eel Muraena anguilla – European eel Muraena myrus – Painted eel Muraena conger – European conger Muraena caeca – European finless eel Gymnotus (electric knifefishes) Gymnotus carapo – Banded knifefish Gymnotus asiaticus – Snakehead Trichiurus (cutlassfishes) Trichiurus lepturus – Largehead hairtail
Anarhichas (wolffishes) Anarhichas lupus – Atlantic wolffish Ammodytes (sand eels) Ammodytes tobianus – Lesser sand eel Stromateus (butterfishes) Stromateus fiatola – Blue Butterfish Stromateus paru – American Harvestfish Xiphias (swordfishes) Xiphias gladius – Swordfish
Jugulares Callionymus (dragonets) Callionymus lyra & Callionymus dracunculus – Common Dragonet Callionymus indicus – Bartail flathead Uranoscopus (stargazers) Uranoscopus scaber – Uranoscopus scaber Trachinus (weevers) Trachinus draco – Greater weever
Gadus (cod & kin) Gadus aeglefinus – Haddock Gadus morhua & Gadus callarias – Atlantic Cod Gadus luscus & Gadus barbatus – Pouting Gadus minutus – Poor cod Gadus virens & Gadus carbonarius – Coalfish Gadus merlangus – Whiting Gadus pollachius – Pollock Gadus merluccius – European hake Gadus molva – Common ling Gadus lota – Burbot Gadus mustela – Fivebeard rockling Gadus mediterraneus – Shore rockling
Blennius (blennies) Blennius galerita – Montagu's blenny Blennius cristatus – Molly Miller Blennius cornutus – Horned blenny Blennius ocellaris – Butterfly Blenny Blennius gattorugine – Tompot blenny Blennius superciliosus – Clinus superciliosus Blennius mustelarius – nomen dubium Blennius pholis – Combtooth blenny Blennius gunnellus – Rock gunnel Blennius viviparus – Viviparous eelpout Blennius lumpenus – unknown Blennius raninus – Tadpole fish Ophidion (cusk-eels) Ophidion barbatum – Snake blenny Ophidion imberbe – Rock gunnel Ophidion macrophthalmum – Red bandfish
Thoracici Cyclopterus (Lumpfishes) Cyclopterus lumpus – Cyclopterus lumpus Cyclopterus nudus – Gobiesox nudus Echeneis (Remoras) Echeneis remora – Common remora Echeneis neucrates – Live sharksucker Coryphaena (Dolphinfishes) Coryphaena hippurus – Common dolphinfish Coryphaena equiselis – Pompano dolphinfish Coryphaena pentadactyla – Fivefinger wrasse Coryphaena novacula – Pearly razorfish Coryphaena pompilus – Black ruff
Gobius (Gobies) Gobius niger & Gobius jozo – Black goby Gobius paganellus – Rock goby Gobius eleotris Gobius aphya Gobius pectinirostris – Blue-spotted mud hopper Gobius anguillaris – Taenioides anguillaris Cottus (Sculpins) Cottus cataphractus – Agonus cataphractus Cottus quadricornis – Fourhorn sculpin Cottus grunniens – Allenbatrachus grunniens Cottus scaber – Grammoplites scaber Cottus scorpius – Shorthorn sculpin Cottus gobio – European bullhead Scorpaena (Scorpionfishes) Scorpaena porcus – European scorpionfish Scorpaena scrofa – Bigscale scorpionfish
Zeus (John Dories & kin) Zeus vomer – Lookdown Zeus gallus – Alectis ciliaris Zeus faber – John Dory Zeus aper – Capros aper
Pleuronectes (Flatfishes) Pleuronectes achirus – Achirus achirus Pleuronectes trichodactylus – Monochirus trichodactylus Pleuronectes lineatus – Lined sole Pleuronectes ocellatus – Microchirus ocellatus Pleuronectes lunatus – Plate fish Pleuronectes hippoglossus – Atlantic halibut Pleuronectes cynoglossus – Trobay sole Pleuronectes platessa – European plaice Pleuronectes flesus & Pleuronectes passer – European flounder Pleuronectes limanda – Common dab Pleuronectes solea – Common sole Pleuronectes linguatula – Citharus linguatula Pleuronectes rhombus – Brill Pleuronectes maximus – Turbot Pleuronectes papillosus – Syacium papillosum
Chaetodon (Butterflyfishes, Angelfishes, & kin) Chaetodon canescens & Chaetodon cornutus – Moorish idol Chaetodon argenteus – Silver moony Chaetodon acuminatus & Chaetodon macrolepidotus – Pennant coralfish Chaetodon pinnatus – Dusky batfish Chaetodon punctatus – Drepane punctata Chaetodon arcuatus – Gray angelfish Chaetodon rostratus – Copperband butterflyfish Chaetodon nigricans – Acanthurus nigricans Chaetodon triostegus – Convict surgeonfish Chaetodon lineatus – Striped surgeon Chaetodon striatus – Banded butterflyfish Chaetodon aruanus – Whitetail dascyllus Chaetodon capistratus – Foureye butterflyfish Chaetodon vagabundus – Vagabond butterflyfish Chaetodon ciliaris – Queen angelfish Chaetodon saxatilis – Sergeant major Chaetodon rotundus – Abudefduf septemfasciatus Chaetodon lanceolatus – Jack-knifefish
Sparus (Breams and Porgies) Sparus aurata – Gilt-head bream Sparus annularis – Diplodus annularis Sparus sargus – Diplodus sargus Sparus melanurus – Saddled seabream Sparus smaris – Spicara smaris Sparus maena – Spicara maena Sparus saxatilis – Crenicichla saxatilis Sparus orphus & Sparus pagrus – Red porgy Sparus hurta & Sparus mormyrus – Lithognathus mormyrus Sparus erythrinus – Common pandora Sparus boops – Boops boops Sparus cantharus – Black seabream Sparus chromis – Chromis chromis Sparus salpa – Salema porgy Sparus synagris – Lane snapper Sparus dentex – Common dentex Sparus spinus – Siganus spinus Sparus virginicus – Porkfish Sparus capistratus Sparus galilaeus – Mango tilapia
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