In physics, a plasmon is a quantum of plasma oscillation. Just as light (an optical oscillation) consists of photons, the plasma oscillation consists of plasmons. The plasmon can be considered as a quasiparticle since it arises from the quantization of plasma oscillations, just like phonons are quantizations of mechanical vibrations. Thus, plasmons are collective (a discrete number) oscillations of the free electron gas density. For example, at optical frequencies, plasmons can couple with a photon to create another quasiparticle called a plasmon polariton. The field of study and manipulation of plasmons is called plasmonics.
Introduction
Derivation The plasmon was initially proposed in 1952 by David Pines and David Bohm and was shown to arise from a Hamiltonian for the long-range electron-electron correlations. Since plasmons are the quantization of classical plasma oscillations, most of their properties can be derived directly from Maxwell's equations.
Explanation Plasmons can be described in the classical picture as an oscillation of electron density with respect to the fixed positive ions in a metal. To visualize a plasma oscillation, imagine a cube of metal placed in an external electric field pointing to the right. Electrons will move to the left side (uncovering positive ions on the right side) until they cancel the field inside the metal. If the electric field is removed, the electrons move to the right, repelled by each other and attracted to the positive ions left bare on the right side. They oscillate back and forth at the plasma frequency until the energy is lost in some kind of resistance or damping. Plasmons are a quantization of this kind of oscillation.
Role Plasmons play an important role in the optical properties of metals and semiconductors. Frequencies of light below the plasma frequency are reflected by a material because the electrons in the material screen the electric field of the light. Light of frequencies above the plasma frequency is transmitted by a material because the electrons in the material cannot respond fast enough to screen it. In most metals, the plasma frequency is in the ultraviolet, making them shiny (reflective) in the visible range. Some metals, such as copper and gold, have electronic interband transitions in the visible range, whereby specific light energies (and therefore colors) are absorbed, yielding their distinct color. In semiconductors, the valence electron plasmon frequency is usually in the deep ultraviolet, while their electronic interband transitions are in the visible range, similarly to copper and gold, yielding their distinct color and reflectiveness. It has been shown that the plasmon frequency may occur in the mid-infrared and near-infrared region when semiconductors are in the form of nanoparticles with heavy doping. The plasmon energy can often be estimated in the free electron model as E p = ℏ n e 2 m ε 0 = ℏ ω p , {\displaystyle E_{\rm {p}}=\hbar {\sqrt {\frac {ne^{2}}{m\varepsilon _{0}}}}=\hbar \omega _{\rm {p}},} where E p {\displaystyle E_{\rm {p}}} is the radiant energy, ω p {\displaystyle \omega _{\rm {p}}} the plasmon frequency, n {\displaystyle n} is the conduction electron density, e {\displaystyle e} is the elementary charge, m {\displaystyle m} is the electron mass, ε 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}} the permittivity of free space, and ℏ {\displaystyle \hbar } the reduced Planck constant.
Surface plasmons
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