Plastic bag bans in Australia were implemented in the early 21st century by the country’s states and territories, rather than through federal law. The intent of the bans is to help reduce the amount of plastic pollution in the environment, both in and around Australia and globally. In 2003, the Tasmanian town of Coles Bay was the first location in Australia to ban plastic bags. Although in 2008 Environment Minister Peter Garrett announced the Rudd government's goal of a nationwide plastic bag ban by year's end, he later abandoned the initiative due to cost of living concerns and disagreement about the policy among state and territory governments. This led to states and territories pursuing their own approaches. The introduction of the Zero Waste program in South Australia led to the first statewide lightweight bag ban being introduced in October 2008. It is estimated that this move has saved 400 million bags annually. Victoria implemented their lightweight bag ban in November 2019. New South Wales was the last jurisdiction in Australia that implemented a lightweight bag ban effective from 1 June 2022. Since 2018, the country's two largest supermarket chains, Coles and Woolworths, voluntarily removed free lightweight plastic bags from their stores and began charging for thicker reusable plastic bags instead. The reusable bags were sold at 15 cents in both chains. By December 2018, the supermarket phase-out led to an estimated 80% drop in the use of plastic bags nationwide, leading to 1.5 billion fewer bags entering the environment.
Background
In Australia, 6 billion HDPE bags were used in 2002. Usage reduced to 5.6 billion in 2004 and 3.9 billion in 2007. According to Keep Australia Beautiful's 2015–16 National Litter Index, plastic bags made up 1% of the country's litter. In 2016 environmental groups expressed their concern that Australia was lagging other countries in the phase-out of lightweight plastic bags, including Botswana, Somalia and Tanzania. In 2016 it was estimated that of the 5 billion plastic bags used annually by Australians, 150 million ended up as litter. In April 2017, The Project and Clean Up Australia launched a Change.org petition for the premiers of the three states without plastic bag bans – Victoria, New South Wales and Western Australia – to "ban the bag". After a segment on The Project about the petition, #BanTheBag became the top trending topic on Twitter. In February 2018, a motion was put in the Australian Federal Parliament calling for a nationwide ban of lightweight non-biodegradable plastic shopping bags. Senate inquiries into recycling and marine plastic pollution also led to tripartisan recommendations by the Liberal, Labor and Greens parties to ban all single-use plastics in the country by 2023 and for all states and territories to ban plastic bags.
Plastic bag bans by state/territory
Summary
South Australia The Plastic Shopping Bags (Waste Avoidance) Bill passed the Parliament of South Australia on 13 November 2008, with a transitional period of 1 January to 4 May 2009. With an official start date of 4 May 2009, South Australia was the first state or territory in Australia to ban plastic bags at the checkout, with retailers facing fines of up to $5,000 for distributing banned bags and retailer suppliers fined up to $20,000. The ban does not extend to heavier plastic bags or fruit and vegetable bags.
Northern Territory The Northern Territory banned plastic bags with effect from 1 September 2011. Biodegradable and heavier bags remain legal.
Australian Capital Territory The ACT was the third jurisdiction after The Northern Territory to pass a law banning plastic bags, with the ban entering into effect on 1 November 2011. Plastic barrier bags for fruit and vegetables are exempt.
Tasmania In 2003 Coles Bay was the first Australian town to completely ban non-biodegradable plastic bags. In November 2010 a Greens motion introduced to Tasmania's parliament to ban plastic bags received tripartisan support from Labor, the Liberals and the Greens. A statewide ban began on 1 November 2013. A 2015 review found widespread support for the ban but a mixed environmental impact.
Queensland In November 2016 the Queensland Government announced it would ban plastic bags from 2018, after the Opposition promised that it would implement a ban if it won the next state election. The implementing legislation passed the Queensland Parliament on 6 September 2017, accompanied by a container refund recycling scheme. Both initiatives took effect on 1 July 2018.
Western Australia Two attempts by the City of Fremantle in 2013 and 2015 to introduce a citywide plastic bag ban were blocked through disallowance motions moved in the Western Australian Legislative Council. In September 2017, the Western Australian Government announced it would commence a statewide plastic bag ban on 1 July 2018. As of 1 July 2022, any type of plastic bag is now banned.
Victoria In mid-2017, Victoria's state government expressed its preference for a national ban, while confirming it would be open to a state-level ban in the future. In October 2017, Daniel Andrews stated that Victoria would introduce a ban on plastic bags, with the start date to be announced in early 2018 after consultation with industry and the community. The Government subsequently announced the plastic bag ban would commence by 1 November 2019.
New South Wales In 2017, Premier Gladys Berejiklian stated that no regulation was needed because retailers responsible for 80% of plastic bags in the state (Coles, Woolworths, and Harris Farm) would voluntarily stop providing free plastic bags themselves. In October 2019, the Berejiklian Government blocked a Labor Party bill that would ban plastic bags, arguing that its plastic waste reduction discussion paper should be released first. The discussion paper was released in March 2020, and included a proposed plastic bag ban, which was likely to come into effect in 2021 following community consultation. In November 2021, a bill passed into law to explicitly legally ban single-use plastics throughout NSW. The law went into legal effect on 1 June 2022.
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