In theoretical physics, particularly fringe physics, polarizable vacuum (PV) and its associated theory refer to proposals by Harold Puthoff, Robert H. Dicke, and others to develop an analog of general relativity to describe gravity and its relationship to electromagnetism.
Description In essence, Dicke and Puthoff proposed that the presence of mass alters the electric permittivity and the magnetic permeability of flat spacetime, εo and μo respectively by multiplying them by a scalar function, K:
ε 0 → ε = K ε 0 ; μ 0 → μ = K μ 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}\to \varepsilon =K\varepsilon _{0}\;;\;\mu _{0}\to \mu =K\mu _{0}}
arguing that this will affect the lengths of rulers made of ordinary matter so that in the presence of a gravitational field, the spacetime metric of Minkowski spacetime is replaced by
d s 2 = − 1 κ 2 d t 2 + κ 2 ( d x 2 + d y 2 + d z 2 ) {\displaystyle ds^{2}=-{\frac {1}{\kappa ^{2}}}dt^{2}+\kappa ^{2}\,(dx^{2}+dy^{2}+dz^{2})}
where κ 2 = K {\displaystyle \kappa ^{2}=K} is the so-called "dielectric constant of the vacuum". This is a "diagonal" metric given in terms of a Cartesian chart and having the same stratified conformally flat form in the Watt-Misner theory of gravitation. However, according to Dicke and Puthoff, κ must satisfy a field equation that differs from the field equation of the Watt-Misner theory. In the case of a static spherically symmetric vacuum, this yields the asymptotically flat solution
κ = exp ( m / r ) = 1 + m / r + O ( 1 r 2 ) {\displaystyle \kappa =\exp(m/r)=1+m/r+O\left({\frac {1}{r^{2}}}\right)}
The resulting Lorentzian spacetime agrees with the analogous solution in the Watt-Misner theory. It has the same weak-field limit and far-field as the Schwarzschild vacuum solution in general relativity. It satisfies three of the four classical tests of relativistic gravitation (redshift, deflection of light, precession of the perihelion of Mercury) to within the limit of observational accuracy. However, as shown by Ibison (2003), it yields a different prediction for the inspiral of test particles due to gravitational radiation. However, requiring stratified-conformally flat metrics rules out the possibility of recovering the weak-field Kerr metric and is certainly inconsistent with the claim that PV can give a general "approximation" of the general theory of relativity. In particular, this theory exhibits no frame-dragging effects. Also, the impact of gravitational radiation on test particles differs profoundly between scalar theories and tensor theories of gravitation, such as general relativity. LIGO is not intended primarily as a test ruling out scalar theories. However, it is widely expected to do so as a side benefit once it detects unambiguous gravitational wave signals exhibiting the characteristics expected in general relativity. Ibison has considered a "cosmological solution" of PV, analogous to the Friedmann dust solution with flat orthogonal hyperslices in general relativity, and argues that this model is inconsistent with various observational and theoretical constraints. He also finds a rate of inspiral disagreeing with observation. The latter result disagrees with that of Watt and Misner, whose Lorentzian manifold differs from PV in the case of cosmology. Contrary to Puthoff's claims, it is widely accepted that no scalar theory of gravitation can reproduce all of general relativity's successes. It might be noted that De Felice uses constitutive relations to obtain a susceptibility tensor which lives in spatial hyperslices; this provides extra degrees of freedom, which help make up for the degree of freedom lacking in PV and other scalar theories.
Criticism Puthoff himself has offered various characterizations of his proposal, which has been variously characterized as
an attempt to reformulate general relativity in terms of a purely formal analogy with the propagation of light through an optical medium, an attempt to replace general relativity with a scalar theory of gravitation featuring formal analogies with Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism, an attempt to unify gravitation and electromagnetism in a theory of electrogravity, an attempt to provide a physical mechanism for how spacetime gets curved in general relativity, which suggests (to Puthoff) the possibility of "metric engineering" for such purposes as spacecraft propulsion (see Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program). PV has origins in more mainstream work by such physicists as Robert Dicke. Still, in current parlance, the term does appear to be most closely associated with the speculations of Puthoff. The claims have not been accepted in mainstream physics. Mainstream physicists agree that PV is
not viable as a unification of gravitation and electromagnetism not a "reformulation" of general relativity, not a viable theory of gravitation since it violates observational and theoretical requirements.
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