Polyhydride

Key takeaways

Polyhydride belongs to chemistry; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Polyhydride to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Polyhydride from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

A polyhydride or superhydride is a compound that contains an abnormally large amount of hydrogen. This can be described as high hydrogen stoichiometry. Examples include iron pentahydride FeH5, LiH6, and LiH7. By contrast, the more well known lithium hydride only has one hydrogen atom. Polyhydrides are only known to be stable under high pressure. Polyhydrides are important because they can form substances with a very high density of hydrogen. They may resemble the elusive metallic hydrogen, but can be made under lower pressures. One possibility is that they could be superconductors. Hydrogen sulfide under high pressures forms SH3 units, and can be a superconductor at 203 K (−70 °C) and a pressure of 1.5 million atmospheres (152 GPa).

Structures

The polyhydrides of alkaline earth and alkali metals contain cage structures. Also hydrogen may be clustered into H−, H−3, or H2 units. Polyhydrides of transition metals may have the hydrogen atoms arranged around the metal atom. Computations suggest that increasing hydrogen levels will reduce the dimensionality of the metal arrangement, so that layers form separated by hydrogen sheets. The H−3 substructure is linear. H+3 would form triangular structures in the hypothetical H5Cl.

Compounds When sodium hydride is compressed with hydrogen, NaH3 and NaH7 form. These are formed at 30 GPa and 2,100 K. Heating and compressing a metal with ammonia borane avoids using bulky hydrogen, and produces boron nitride as a decomposition product in addition to the polyhydride.

Predicted Using computational chemistry many other polyhydrides are predicted, including LiH8, LiH9, LiH10, CsH3, KH5, RbH5, RbH9, NaH9, BaH6, CaH6, MgH4, MgH12, MgH16, SrH4, SrH10, SrH12, ScH4, ScH6, ScH8, YH4 and YH6, YH24, LaH8, LaH10, YH9, LaH11, CeH8, CeH9, CeH10, PrH8, PrH9, ThH6, ThH7 and ThH10, U2H13, UH7, UH8, UH9, AlH5, GaH5, InH5, SnH8, SnH12, SnH14, PbH8, SiH8 (subsequently discovered), GeH8, (although Ge3H11 may be stable instead) AsH8, SbH4, BiH4, BiH5, BiH6, H3Se, H3S, Te2H5, TeH4, PoH4, PoH6, H2F, H3F, H2Cl, H3Cl, H5Cl, H7Cl, H2Br, H3Br, H4Br, H5Br, H5I, XeH2, XeH4. Among the transition elements, VH8 in a C2/m structure around 200 GPa is predicted to have a superconducting transition temperature of 71.4 K. VH5 in a P63/mmm space group has a lower transition temperature.

Properties

Superconduction Under suitably high pressures polyhydrides may become superconducting. Characteristics of substances that are predicted to have high superconducting temperatures are a high phonon frequency, which will happen for light elements, and strong bonds. Hydrogen is the lightest and so will have the highest frequency of vibration. Even changing the isotope to deuterium will lower the frequency and lower the transition temperature. Compounds with more hydrogen will resemble the predicted metallic hydrogen. However, superconductors also tend to be substances with high symmetry and also need the electrons not to be locked into molecular subunits, and require large numbers of electrons in states near the Fermi level. There should also be electron-phonon coupling which happens when the electric properties are tied to the mechanical position of the hydrogen atoms. The highest superconduction critical temperatures are predicted to be in elements close to the junction of the different blocks (s-p; s-d; p-d; d-f) ie groups 2 and 3 of the periodic table. Late transitions elements, heavy lanthanides or actinides have extra d- or f-electrons that interfere with superconductivity. For example, lithium hexahydride is predicted to lose all electrical resistance below 38 K at a pressure of 150 GPa. The hypothetical LiH8 has a predicted superconducting transition temperature at 31 K at 200 GPa. MgH6 is predicted to have a Tc of 400 K around 300 GPa. CaH6 could have a Tc of 260 K at 120 GPa. PH3 doped H3S is also predicted to have a transition temperature above the 203 K measured for H3S (contaminated with solid sulfur). Rare earth and actinide polyhydrides may also have highish transition temperatures, for example, ThH10 with Tc = 241 K. UH8, which can be decompressed to room temperature without decomposition, is predicted to have a transition temperature of 193 K. AcH10, if it could be ever made, is predicted to superconduct at temperatures over 204 K, and AcH10 would be similarly conducting under lower pressures (150 GPa). H3Se actually is a van der Waals solid with formula 2H2Se·H2 with a measured Tc of 105 K under a pressure of 135 GPa.

Ternary superhydrides Ternary superhydrides open up the possibility of many more formulas. For example, Li2MgH16 may also be superconducting at high temperatures (200 °C). A compound of lanthanum, boron and hydrogen is speculated to be a "hot" superconductor (550 K). Elements may substitute for others and so modify the properties eg (La,Y)H6 and (La,Y)H10 can be made to have a slightly higher critical temperature than YH6 or LaH10.

See also Potassium nonahydridorhenate, stable at ordinary pressures

References

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Polyhydride

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Polyhydride claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In chemistry, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Polyhydride before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Polyhydride ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Polyhydride

In research: Polyhydride appears in chemistry research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Polyhydride in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Polyhydride is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics High-temperature superconductors, Hydrogen compounds, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Polyhydride outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

How to study Polyhydride in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Polyhydride means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Polyhydride out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Polyhydride in simple terms?

A polyhydride or superhydride is a compound that contains an abnormally large amount of hydrogen. This can be described as high hydrogen stoichiometry.

Why does Polyhydride matter?

Because it connects several chemistry ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Polyhydride?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Polyhydride.