science

Progress MS-28

Progress MS-28 is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Progress MS-28 rather than just read about it. In short: Progress MS-28 (Russian: Прогресс МC-28), Russian production No. 458, identified by NASA as Progress 89, was a Progress spaceflight launched by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS). It is the 181st flight of a Progress spacecraft.

Key takeaways

Progress MS-28 belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Progress MS-28 to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Progress MS-28 from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Progress MS-28 (Russian: Прогресс МC-28), Russian production No. 458, identified by NASA as Progress 89, was a Progress spaceflight launched by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS). It is the 181st flight of a Progress spacecraft.

Mission Launched from Site 31/6 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan atop a Soyuz-2.1a on Thursday, 15 August 2024, at 03:20:17 UTC (08:20:17 AQTT, local time at the launch site). Progress MS-28 will deliver approximately 2,621 kg (5,778 lb) of food, water, clothing, fuel, and equipment to the ISS for the Expedition 71 and to prepare the station for the Expedition 72 crew. The spacecraft autonomously docked with the ISS on 17 August 2024, at 05:55:07 UTC UTC. It attached to the aft port of the Zvezda module, replacing the Progress MS-26 spacecraft that was previously at the location. After six months docked to the ISS, in preparation for the launch of the Progress MS-30 cargo mission, Progress MS-28 undocked on 25 February 2025 at 20:17:33 UTC. The braking maneuver started at 23:21 UTC and the spacecraft began to reenter Earth's atmosphere over the Southern Pacific Ocean around two minutes later. Its surviving debris were estimated to impact the ocean surface at around 01:05 UTC on 26 February.

Manifest Each Progress mission delivers over a thousand kilograms of supplies in its pressurized section, accessible to crewmembers. These supplies include consumables such as food, water, and air, along with equipment for maintenance and scientific research. In its unpressurized section, the spacecraft carries tanks of water, fuel, and gases to replenish the station’s resources and sustain its onboard atmosphere. These resources are transferred to the station through an automated process. For this mission, Progress MS-28 was loaded with a total of 2,621 kg (5,778 lb) of cargo and supplies prior to launch. The cargo manifest includes the following:

Pressurized supplies: 1,201 kg (2,648 lb) Fuel: 950 kg (2,090 lb) Water: 420 kg (930 lb) Nitrogen gas: 50 kg (110 lb)

Orbital maneuvers Progress MS-28 cargo spacecraft performed a series of orbital maneuvers to maintain and adjust the International Space Station's (ISS) trajectory. These come in the form of periodic "reboosts" to counteract atmospheric drag on the station or collision avoidance maneuvers, moving the station to dodge a piece of debris flying through space.

27 August 2024, 21:46 UTC: A 1,075.42-second burn increased velocity by 1.95 m/s (6.4 ft/s), raising the ISS's altitude by 3.4 km (2.1 mi) to 419.41 km (260.61 mi), preparing for Soyuz MS-25's departure and Soyuz MS-26's launch. 5 September 2024, 19:45 UTC: A 781.98-second burn increased velocity by 1.42 m/s (4.7 ft/s), raising the altitude by 2.48 km (1.54 mi) to 420.7 km (261.4 mi), finalizing adjustments for Soyuz MS-25's departure and Soyuz MS-26's launch. 4 October 2024, 08:44 UTC: A 1,207.62-second burn increased velocity by 1.66 m/s (5.4 ft/s), raising the altitude by 2.9 km (1.8 mi) to 419 km (260 mi). 13 November 2024, 16:47 UTC: A 1,894.4-second burn increased velocity by 2.82 m/s (9.3 ft/s), raising the altitude by 4.9 km (3.0 mi) to 417.23 km (259.25 mi), preparing for Progress MS-29's arrival. 19 November 2024, 20:09 UTC: A 330.90-second burn for collision avoidance delivered a 0.5 m/s (1.6 ft/s) velocity change, raising altitude by 800 m (2,600 ft) to reach a 430.86 km × 416.20 km (267.72 mi × 258.61 mi) orbit. 25 November 2024, 09:49 UTC: Another collision avoidance maneuver lasting 211.96 seconds, delivering a 0.3 m/s (0.98 ft/s) velocity change, raising altitude by 500 m (1,600 ft) to a 430.40 km × 417.81 km (267.44 mi × 259.62 mi) orbit. 22 December 2024, 01:10 UTC: A 811.3-second burn increased velocity by 1.3 m/s (4.3 ft/s), raising the ISS's altitude by 2.3 km (1.4 mi) to 416.43 km (258.76 mi), preparing for Soyuz MS-26's departure and Soyuz MS-27's launch. 11 January 2025, 17:45 UTC: A 1,155-second burn increased velocity by 1.8 m/s (5.9 ft/s), raising the ISS's altitude by 3.2 km (2.0 mi) to 416.71 km (258.93 mi), preparing for Soyuz MS-26's departure and Soyuz MS-27's launch. 1 February 2025, 08:58 UTC: A 1,227.2-second burn increased velocity by 1.82 m/s (6.0 ft/s), raising the ISS's altitude by 3.2 km (2.0 mi) to 417.44 km (259.39 mi), preparing for Soyuz MS-26's departure and Soyuz MS-27's launch. 20 February 2025, 01:30 UTC: A 1,341.2-second burn increased velocity by 1.95 m/s (6.4 ft/s), raising the ISS's altitude by 3.4 km (2.1 mi) to 419 km (260 mi), preparing for Soyuz MS-26's departure and Soyuz MS-27's launch.

See also Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station List of Progress missions

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Progress MS-28

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Progress MS-28 claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Progress MS-28 before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Progress MS-28 ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Progress MS-28

In research: Progress MS-28 appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Progress MS-28 in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Progress MS-28 is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 2024 in Russia, Progress (spacecraft) missions, Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-2 rockets, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Progress MS-28 outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Progress MS-28 in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Progress MS-28 means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Progress MS-28 out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Progress MS-28 in simple terms?

Why does Progress MS-28 matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Progress MS-28?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Progress MS-28.