biology

Proline and serine-rich protein 2

Proline and serine-rich protein 2 is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Proline and serine-rich protein 2 rather than just read about it. In short: Proline and serine-rich protein 2 (PROSER2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PROSER2 gene. PROSER2, or C10orf47 (Chromosome 10 open reading frame 47), is found in band 14 of the short arm of chromosome 10 (10p14) and contains a highly conserved SARG domain.

Key takeaways

Proline and serine-rich protein 2 belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Proline and serine-rich protein 2 to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Proline and serine-rich protein 2 from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Proline and serine-rich protein 2 (PROSER2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PROSER2 gene. PROSER2, or C10orf47 (Chromosome 10 open reading frame 47), is found in band 14 of the short arm of chromosome 10 (10p14) and contains a highly conserved SARG domain. It is a fast evolving gene with two paralogs, c1orf116 and specifically androgen-regulated gene protein isoform 1. The PROSER2 protein has a currently uncharacterized function however, in humans, it may play a role in cell cycle regulation, reproductive functioning, and is a potential biomarker of cancer.

Gene This gene is 48,880 bases in length and is 3,360 base pairs in length after transcription to mRNA. PROSER2 has 5 splice variants, 3 of which are alternatively spliced and 2 of which are unspliced forms. It contains an upstream in-frame stop codon and a 2,000 bp promoter.

Locus PROSER2 is located on the tenth chromosome (10p14). It is oriented on the plus strand of DNA and has 5 exons.

Transcript

Homology and evolution

Orthologous space The orthologous space for PROSER2 is fairly large, as 143 organisms are reported to have orthologs with the human PROSER2. The most distant ortholog of the human PROSER2 is the elephant shark, Callorhinchus milii. The most distant relatives of humans with PROSER2 are fish and sharks (cartilaginous fishes). For this same reason, it can be inferred that PROSER2 originated in vertebrates.

Paralogous space The human PROSER2 gene has two paralogs: c1orf116 and specifically androgen-regulated gene protein isoform 1.

Conserved regions Multiple sequence alignments demonstrated that the 3’ end of the proline-serine rich 2 protein is highly conserved in both distant and close homologs. These widely conserved amino acids found in all primates, mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians, fish, and sharks for which sequences are available include: R421, G406, V409, A424, L425, L428, G429, and L430. It can be noted that these highly conserved amino acids comprise much of the 3’ end of the specifically androgen-regulated gene protein (SARG) domain. The 5’ end of the proline-serine rich 2 protein is highly conserved in close relatives of humans including all primates, mammals, reptiles, and birds for which sequences are available. PROSER2 has an even balance of basic and acidic residues which are conserved throughout all homologs.

Evolutionary pattern PROSER2 is a fast evolving gene, similar to Fibrinogen alpha subunit (FGA). It aligns almost perfectly with Fibrinogen’s evolutionary history and is much farther away from the evolutionary timeline of Cytochrome C (CYCS) which is evolving more slowly than PROSER2 or FGA. Gene duplication of PROSER2 occurred approximately in fish which diverged from humans 436.8 MYA.

Protein In Homo sapiens, PROSER2 encodes the proline and serine-rich protein 2 which is 435 amino acids in length and has a molecular weight of 45,802 Da. This protein has a fairly neutral basal isoelectric point of 6.81. The proline and serine rich 2 protein contains a conserved SARG (specifically androgen-regulated gene protein) domain that spans 388 amino acids within PROSER2. The SARG domain belongs to the pfam15385 family of genes. Its true function has yet to be elucidated, but it is a suspected androgen receptor because it is up-regulated in the presence of androgens, but not glucocorticoids. The SARG domain is highly expressed in the prostate where PROSER2 has also been reported.

Internal structure

Post-translational modifications PROSER2 contains 35 predicted Serine phosphorylation sites, as well as 2 predicted Threonine phosphorylation sites on conserved residues. It is also predicted to contain 2 SUMO Interaction Motifs, 2 S-Palmitoylation sites, as well as 2 GalNac O-glycosylation sites all located on or near highly conserved amino acids. These modifications may change the folding and function of the protein which is predicted to be localized to the nucleus.

Predicted secondary structure PROSER2’s structure is currently uncharacterized. However, it is likely to contain 4 alpha helices and 5 domains of beta sheets which are conserved across all mammalian homologs. Based on its structural features and post-translational modifications, it is predicted to be a soluble protein secreted from the nucleus via a non-classical secretion pathway.

Function The function of proline and serine rich 2 protein is currently unknown. However, it is listed in several U.S. patents as a potential biomarker of cancer.

Interactions Previous experimentation has found that PROSER2 interacts with several other proteins including: STK24, ESR2, POT1, ACTB, and EPS8. These interacting proteins are involved in control of apoptosis, reproductive cell differentiation, telomere maintenance, cell integrity, and cell cycle progression, respectively. These interactions identify PROSER2 as a gene heavily involved in the regulation of cell differentiation and apoptosis.

Expression PROSER2 is extremely tissue specific in its expression, which is often low. In humans, PROSER2 is most highly expressed in the bone marrow, fetal brain, fetal kidney, liver, fetal liver, lung, fetal lung, lymph node, prostate, stomach, thymus, and trachea (GEO Profile ID: 69555271). It has also been found to be highly expressed in the colon, testes, parotid gland, and uterus (GEO Profile ID: 10034772) . The high expression in the testicular and prostate tissue is as expected given the existence of the SARG domain in the gene and its association with androgens. PROSER2 is least expressed in the heart, spinal cord, and several areas of the adult brain (GEO Profile ID: 69555271). PROSER2 has higher expression in ETP-ALL (early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia) patients compared to controls (GEO Profile ID: 92018456) and is highly expressed in primary tumors of the prostate compared to benign and malignant samples (GEO Profile ID: 14264706). PROSER2 is underexpressed in males with AIS (Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome), which follows with the evidence previously described regarding the SARG domain. Treatment with dihydrotestosterone has been found to cause genital fibroblasts to increase expression of PROSER2, further supporting that it is an androgen-responsive gene (GEO Profile ID: 20808032).

… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Proline and serine-rich protein 2

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Proline and serine-rich protein 2 claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Proline and serine-rich protein 2 before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Proline and serine-rich protein 2 ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Proline and serine-rich protein 2

In research: Proline and serine-rich protein 2 appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Proline and serine-rich protein 2 in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Proline and serine-rich protein 2 is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Genes on human chromosome 10, Proteins, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Proline and serine-rich protein 2 outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

Ask Teacher Smith questions about this articleOpens your AI tutor with a question about “Proline and serine-rich protein 2” →

Affiliate

Preply — study more efficiently by working with a personal tutor. 50% off.

How to study Proline and serine-rich protein 2 in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Proline and serine-rich protein 2 means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Proline and serine-rich protein 2 out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Proline and serine-rich protein 2 in simple terms?

Why does Proline and serine-rich protein 2 matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Proline and serine-rich protein 2?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Proline and serine-rich protein 2.