PROMELA (Process or Protocol Meta Language) is a verification modeling language introduced by Gerard J. Holzmann. The language allows for the dynamic creation of concurrent processes to model, for example, distributed systems. In PROMELA models, communication via message channels can be defined to be synchronous (i.e., rendezvous), or asynchronous (i.e., buffered). PROMELA models can be analyzed with the SPIN model checker, to verify that the modeled system produces the desired behavior. An implementation verified with Isabelle/HOL is also available, as part of the Computer Aided Verification of Automata (CAVA) project. Files written in Promela traditionally have a .pml file extension.
Introduction PROMELA is a process-modeling language whose intended use is to verify the logic of parallel systems. Given a program in PROMELA, Spin can verify the model for correctness by performing random or iterative simulations of the modeled system's execution, or it can generate a C program that performs a fast exhaustive verification of the system state space. During simulations and verifications, SPIN checks for the absence of deadlocks, unspecified receptions, and unexecutable code. The verifier can also be used to prove the correctness of system invariants and it can find non-progress execution cycles. Finally, it supports the verification of linear time temporal constraints; either with Promela never-claims or by directly formulating the constraints in temporal logic. Each model can be verified with SPIN under different types of assumptions about the environment. Once the correctness of a model has been established with SPIN, that fact can be used in the construction and verification of all subsequent models. PROMELA programs consist of processes, message channels, and variables. Processes are global objects that represent the concurrent entities of the distributed system. Message channels and variables can be declared either globally or locally within a process. Processes specify behavior, channels and global variables define the environment in which the processes run.
Language reference
Data types The basic data types used in PROMELA are presented in the table below. The sizes in bits are given for a PC i386/Linux machine.
The names bit and bool are synonyms for a single bit of information. A byte is an unsigned quantity that can store a value between 0 and 255. shorts and ints are signed quantities that differ only in the range of values they can hold. Variables can also be declared as arrays. For example, the declaration:
declares an array of 10 integers that can be accessed in array subscript expressions like:
x[0] = x[1] + x[2];
But the arrays can not be enumerated on creation, so they must be initialised as follows:
The index to an array can be any expression that determines a unique integer value. The effect of an index outside the range is undefined. Multi-dimensional arrays can be defined indirectly with the help of the typedef construct (see below).
Processes The state of a variable or of a message channel can only be changed or inspected by processes. The behavior of a process is defined by a proctype declaration. For example, the following declares a process type A with one variable state:
The proctype definition only declares process behavior, it does not execute it. Initially, in the PROMELA model, just one process will be executed: a process of type init, that must be declared explicitly in every PROMELA specification. New processes can be spawned using the run statement, which takes an argument consisting of the name of a proctype, from which a process is then instantiated. The run operator can be used in the body of the proctype definitions, not only in the initial process. This allows for dynamic creation of processes in PROMELA. An executing process disappears when it terminates—that is, when it reaches the end of the body in the proctype definition, and all child processes that it started have terminated. A proctype may also be active (below).
Atomic construct By prefixing a sequence of statements enclosed in curly braces with the keyword atomic, the user can indicate that the sequence is to be executed as one indivisible unit, non-interleaved with any other processes.
Atomic sequences can be an important tool in reducing the complexity of verification models. Note that atomic sequences restrict the amount of interleaving that is allowed in a distributed system. Intractable models can be made tractable by labeling all manipulations of local variables with atomic sequences.
Message passing Message channels are used to model the transfer of data from one process to another. They are declared either locally or globally, for instance as follows:
This declares a buffered channel that can store up to 16 messages of type short (capacity is 16 here). The statement:
qname ! expr;
sends the value of the expression expr to the channel with name qname, that is, it appends the value to the tail of the channel. The statement:
qname ? msg;
receives the message, retrieves it from the head of the channel, and stores it in the variable msg. The channels pass messages in first-in-first-out order. A rendezvous port can be declared as a message channel with the store length zero. For example, the following:
defines a rendezvous port that can pass messages of type byte. Message interactions via such rendezvous ports are by definition synchronous, i.e. sender or receiver (the one that arrives first at the channel) will block for the contender that arrives second (receiver or sender). When a buffered channel has been filled to its capacity (sending is "capacity" number of outputs ahead of receiving inputs), the default behavior of the channel is to become synchronous, and the sender will block on the next sending. Observe that there is no common message buffer shared between channels. Increasing complexity, as compared to using a channel as unidirectional and point to point, it is possible to share channels between multiple receivers or multiple senders, and to merge independent data-streams into a single shared channel. From this follows that a single channel may also be used for bidirectional communication.
Control flow constructs There are three control flow constructs in PROMELA. They are the case selection, the repetition and the unconditional jump.
Case selection The simplest construct is the selection structure. Using the relative values of two variables a and b, for example, one can write:
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