In the Proto-Italic language, verbs displayed a complex system of inflectional morphology with conjugation according to mood, voice, tense, person, and number.
Present The South Picene form videtas possibly reflects a second-person plural present active indicative ending *-tās, which is incongruent with the Latin ending -tis. Alternatively, the South Picene form has been interpreted as an imperative or a second-person preterite form. Nevertheless, accepting the view that the term is indeed a second-person plural form, Weiss suggests that Proto-Italic perhaps possessed the primary second-person dual and plural endings *-tas and *-tes alongside the secondary second-person dual and plural endings *-tā and *-te. Weiss argues that Sabellic generalized the dual forms and leveled the *-ā from the secondary to the primary endings, whereas Latin continued the original plural forms. There is evidence of a similar development in Umbrian, where the second-person plural imperative ending -tu may reflect an original Proto-Indo-European dual form *-tā, which could imply that Umbrian also generalized the dual for the plural. Paelignian, a Sabellic language of the Oscan group, contains the second-person plural imperative form eite (“go”), which could display the inherited PIE second-person plural ending *-te, although it is also possible that this specific form was borrowed from Latin. The Proto-Indo-European mediopassive second-person singular ending *-th₂e perhaps shifted to *-so under the influence of the second-person singular active. Afterwards, the pre-form *-so would have rhotacized into Latin passive ending -re. Alternatively, the linguist Kazuhiko Yoshida reconstructs for Proto-Indo-European a second-person singular mediopassive ending *-th₂o, which he suggests—in Italic—evolved into *-to, which then shifted to *-so under the influence of the second-person singular ending. The alternative Latin passive ending -ris perhaps emerged as the result of later enlargement with the PIE athematic active ending *-s. In some Latin dialects, the remodeling occurred prior to the weakening of word-final *-o, producing a proto-form *-ros, yielding -rus, as reflected in the form spatiarus ("walk about"). Both Sabellic and Latin also innovated second-person plural passive forms marked by a base -m-, as reflected in the Latin ending -mini. The historical development of this form is unclear, though it may derive from the nominative plural of a Proto-Indo-European mediopassive participle *-mh₁mno-, which perhaps yielded Proto-Italic *-manoi, whence perhaps Latin -mini. In the third-person plural, Latin has generalized the original thematic ending *-ont(i), even to originally athematic forms such as sunt (< PIE *h₁sénti), whereas Sabellic generalized the athematic ending *-ent(i), such as in Oscan fiie(n)t. Sabellic perhaps innovated the new third-person mediopassive ending *-(n)tir, which is continued in Umbrian as the endings -ter and -te. South Picene qolofítur (“is erected?”), however, may show a similar development of the third-person singular passive as Latin. Nevertheless, in other Sabellic languages, the new ending was utilized in the primary tenses, whereas the original ending *-(n)tor was restricted to secondary forms. Thus, endings such -tu and -ntur, persist in Umbrian, but only in the passive subjunctive. According to the linguist James Clackson, Proto-Sabellic perhaps developed separate primary and secondary third-person passive endings *-(n)tir and *-(n)tor, the latter of which was secondarily generalized to all passive forms in South Picene. Clackson proposes that, in contrast, the Oscan group of languages generalized the Proto-Sabellic primary forms to the entire passive paradigm. Hence, Paelignian reveals terms such as the imperfect subjunctive upsaseter (“might be built”). Regarding the ultimate origin of these new endings, One theory suggests that the they perhaps emerged on the model of the third-person form *-(n)ti. Alternatively, it has been proposed that the Sabellic forms reflect innovative *-(n)tōr, itself possibly adapted to the vocalism of the first-person singular passive ending *-ōr.
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