In cryptography, a pseudorandom function family, abbreviated PRF, is a collection of efficiently-computable functions which emulate a random oracle in the following way: no efficient algorithm can distinguish (with significant advantage) between a function chosen randomly from the PRF family and a random oracle (a function whose outputs are fixed completely at random). Pseudorandom functions are vital tools in the construction of cryptographic primitives, especially secure encryption schemes. Pseudorandom functions are not to be confused with pseudorandom generators (PRGs). The guarantee of a PRG is that a single output appears random if the input was chosen at random. On the other hand, the guarantee of a PRF is that all its outputs appear random, regardless of how the corresponding inputs were chosen, as long as the function was drawn at random from the PRF family. A pseudorandom function family can be constructed from any pseudorandom generator, using, for example, the "GGM" construction given by Goldreich, Goldwasser, and Micali. While in practice, block ciphers are used in most instances where a pseudorandom function is needed, they do not, in general, constitute a pseudorandom function family, as block ciphers such as AES are defined for only limited numbers of input and key sizes.
Motivations from random functions A PRF is an efficient (i.e. computable in polynomial time), deterministic function that maps two distinct sets (domain and range) and looks like a truly random function. Essentially, a truly random function would just be composed of a lookup table filled with uniformly distributed random entries. However, in practice, a PRF is given an input string in the domain and a hidden random seed and runs multiple times with the same input string and seed, always returning the same value. Nonetheless, given an arbitrary input string, the output looks random if the seed is taken from a uniform distribution. A PRF is considered to be good if its behavior is indistinguishable from a truly random function. Therefore, given an output from either the truly random function or a PRF, there should be no efficient method to correctly determine whether the output was produced by the truly random function or the PRF.
Formal definition Pseudorandom functions take inputs x ∈ { 0 , 1 } ∗ {\displaystyle x\in \{0,1\}^{*}} , where
∗ {\displaystyle {}^{*}} is the Kleene star. Both the input size I = | x | {\displaystyle I=|x|} and output size λ {\displaystyle \lambda } depend only on the index size n := | s | {\displaystyle n:=|s|} .
A family of functions, f s : { 0 , 1 } I ( n ) → { 0 , 1 } λ ( n ) {\displaystyle f_{s}:\left\{0,1\right\}^{I(n)}\rightarrow \left\{0,1\right\}^{\lambda (n)}} is pseudorandom if the following conditions are satisfied: There exists a polynomial-time algorithm that computes f s ( x ) {\displaystyle f_{s}(x)} given any s {\displaystyle s} and x {\displaystyle x} . Let F n {\displaystyle F_{n}} be the distribution of functions f s {\displaystyle f_{s}} where s {\displaystyle s} is uniformly distributed over { 0 , 1 } n {\displaystyle \{0,1\}^{n}} , and let R F n {\displaystyle RF_{n}} denote the uniform distribution over the set of all functions from { 0 , 1 } I ( n ) {\displaystyle \{0,1\}^{I(n)}} to { 0 , 1 } λ ( n ) {\displaystyle \{0,1\}^{\lambda (n)}} . Then we require F n {\displaystyle F_{n}} and R F n {\displaystyle RF_{n}} are computationally indistinguishable, where n is the security parameter. That is, for any adversary that can query the oracle of a function sampled from either F n {\displaystyle F_{n}} or R F n {\displaystyle RF_{n}} , the advantage that she can tell apart which kind of oracle is given to her is negligible in n {\displaystyle n} .
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