biology

Psychrobacter

Psychrobacter is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Psychrobacter rather than just read about it. In short: Psychrobacter is a genus of Gram-negative, osmotolerant, oxidase-positive, psychrophilic or psychrotolerant, aerobic bacteria which belong to the family Moraxellaceae and the class Gammaproteobacteria. The shape is typically cocci or coccobacilli.

Key takeaways

Psychrobacter belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Psychrobacter to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Psychrobacter from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Psychrobacter is a genus of Gram-negative, osmotolerant, oxidase-positive, psychrophilic or psychrotolerant, aerobic bacteria which belong to the family Moraxellaceae and the class Gammaproteobacteria. The shape is typically cocci or coccobacilli. Some of those bacteria were isolated from humans and can cause humans infections such as endocarditis and peritonitis. This genus of bacteria is able to grow at temperatures between −10 and 42 °C. Rudi Rossau found through DNA-rRNA hybridization analysis that Psychrobacter belongs to the Moraxellaceae. The first species (Psychrobacter immobilis) was described by Juni and Heym. Psychrobacter occur in wide range of moist, cold saline habitats, but they also occur in warm and slightly saline habitats. Hypoacylated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Psychrobacter cryohalolentis and Psychrobacter arcticus induces moderate TLR4-mediated inflammatory response in macrophages and such LPS bioactivity may potentially result in the failure of local and systemic bacterial clearance in patients. Species include:

References

Further reading Kim, S. J.; Shin, S. C.; Hong, S. G.; Lee, Y. M.; Choi, I. -G.; Park, H. (2012). "Genome Sequence of a Novel Member of the Genus Psychrobacter Isolated from Antarctic Soil". Journal of Bacteriology. 194 (9): 2403. doi:10.1128/JB.00234-12. PMC 3347060. PMID 22493207. Azevedo, J. S. N.; Correia, A. N.; Henriques, I. (2013). "Molecular analysis of the diversity of genusPsychrobacterpresent within a temperate estuary". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 84 (3): 451–460. doi:10.1111/1574-6941.12075. PMID 23330979. Koki Horikoshi; Garabed Antranikian; Alan T. Bull; Frank T. Robb; Karl O. Stetter (2011). Extremophiles Handbook Vol. 1. Springer. ISBN 978-4431538974. George Garrity; Don J. Brenner; Noel R. Krieg; James R. Staley (2005-06-16). Bergey's Manual® of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 2: The Proteobacteria, Part B: The Gammaproteobacteria (2 ed.). Springer. ISBN 0387241442. Isao Yumoto (2013-08-13). Cold-Adapted Microorganisms. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1908230263.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Psychrobacter

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Psychrobacter claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Psychrobacter before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Psychrobacter ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Psychrobacter

In research: Psychrobacter appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Psychrobacter in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Psychrobacter is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Bacteria genera, Gram-negative bacteria, Moraxellaceae, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Psychrobacter outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Psychrobacter in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Psychrobacter means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Psychrobacter out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Psychrobacter in simple terms?

Why does Psychrobacter matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Psychrobacter?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Psychrobacter.