Pyromania is an impulse-control disorder that is primarily distinguished by a compulsion to set fires to relieve built-up tension. Child pyromania is the rarest form of fire-setting. Most young children are not diagnosed with pyromania, but rather with conduct disorders. A key feature of pyromania is repeated association with fire without a real motive. Pyromania is not a commonly diagnosed disorder, and only occurs in about one percent of the population. It can occur in children as young as three years old. About ninety percent of the people officially diagnosed with pyromania are male. Pyromaniacs and people with other mental illnesses are responsible for about 14% of fires.
Symptoms Many clinical studies have found that fire-setting rarely occurs by itself, but usually occurs in addition to other socially unacceptable behavior. The motives that have earned the most attention are pleasure, a cry for help, retaliation against adults, and a desire to reunite the family. Fire-setting among children and teens can be recurring or periodic. Some children and teens may set fires often to release tension. Others may only seek to set fires during times of great stress. Some of the symptoms of pyromania are depression, conflicts in relationships, and trouble coping with stress and anxiety.
Diagnosis The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, also known as the DSM, gives six standards that must be met for a child to be officially diagnosed with pyromania:
The child has to have set more than one fire deliberately. Before setting the fire, the child must have felt some feelings of tension or arousal. The child must show that he or she is attracted to fire and anything related to fire. The child must feel a sense of relief or satisfaction from setting the fire and witnessing it. The child does not have other motives like revenge, financial gain, delusions, or brain damage for setting the fire. The fire-setting problem cannot be attributed to other disorders like anti-social personality disorder or conduct disorders. Even though fire-setting and pyromania are prevalent in children, these standards are hard to apply to their age group. There is not a lot of experience in diagnosing pyromania, mainly because of the little experience that health care professionals have with fire-setting.
Comparison to child fire-setters There are many important distinctions between a child pyromaniac and a child fire-setter. In general, a fire-setter is any individual who feels the impulse to set a fire for unusual reasons. While a child fire-setter is usually curious about fire and has the desire to learn more about it, a child with pyromania has an abnormally powerful, recurring impulse or desire to set intentional fires. Pyromania is when the desire to set fires is repetitive and destructive to people or property. The most important difference between pyromania and fire-setting is that pyromania is a mental disorder, but fire-setting is simply a behavior and can be more easily fixed. Minor or non-severe fire-setting is defined as "accidental or occasional fire-starting behavior" by unsupervised children. Usually these fires are started when a curious child plays with matches, lighters, or small fires. Juveniles in this minor group average at most 2.5 accidental fires in their lifetime. Most children in this group are between five and ten years of age and do not realize the dangers of playing with fire. Pathological fire-setting manifests when the action is "a deliberate, planned, and persistent behavior". Juveniles in this severe group set about 5.3 fires. Most young children are not diagnosed as having pyromania but conduct disorders.
Epidemiology Two basic types of children start fires. The first type is the curiosity fire-setter who starts the fire just to find out what will happen. The second type is the problem fire-setter who usually sets fires based on changes in their environment or due to a conduct disorder.
Causes Fire-setting is made up of five subcategories: the curious fire-setter, the sexually motivated fire-setter, the "cry for help" fire-setter, the "severely disturbed" group, and the rare form of pyromania. Pyromania usually surfaces in childhood, but there is no conclusive data about the average age of onset. Child pyromaniacs are usually filled with an uncontrollable urge to set fires to relieve tension. Not much is known about what genetically causes pyromania but there have been many studies that have explored the topic. The causes of fire setting among young children and youths can be attributed to many factors, which are divided into individual and environmental factors:
Individual factors Antisocial behaviors and attitudes: Children that set fires usually do not only set fires but also commit other crimes or offenses including vandalism, violence, anger, etc. Sensation seeking: Some children are attracted to fire-setting because they are bored and are looking for something to do. Attention seeking: Lighting a fire becomes a way to "get back" at adults and, in turn, produce a response from the adults. Lack of social skills: Some children simply have not been taught enough social skills. Many children and adolescents who have been discovered setting fires consider themselves to be "loners". Lack of fire-safety skills and ignorance of danger: This is what drives most children who do not display signs of pyromania- just natural curiosity and ignorance of the fire's destructive power. Learning difficulties. Parental conflicts like separation, neglect, and abuse. Sexual abuse. Maltreatment. Environmental factors Poor supervision by parents or guardians. Seeing adults use fire inappropriately at an early age. Parental neglect. Parents abusing drugs or acting violently- this factor has been studied and the conclusions show that fire-setters are more likely in homes where the parents abuse them. Peer pressure. Stressful life events: Fire-setting becomes a way to cope with crises.
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