chemistry

Quizartinib

Quizartinib is a chemistry topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Quizartinib rather than just read about it. In short: Quizartinib, sold under the brand name Vanflyta, is an anti-cancer medication used for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. It is a small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Key takeaways

Quizartinib belongs to chemistry; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Quizartinib to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Quizartinib from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Quizartinib, sold under the brand name Vanflyta, is an anti-cancer medication used for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. It is a small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Its molecular target is FLT3, also known as CD135 which is a proto-oncogene. FLT3 mutations are among the most common mutations in acute myeloid leukemia due to internal tandem duplication of FLT3, and the presence of this mutation is a marker of adverse outcome. The most common side effects of include low white blood cell counts with or without fever, reduced levels of electrolytes (potassium, magnesium or calcium) in blood, increased levels of liver or muscles enzymes, diarrhea, ulcers or redness inside the mouth (mucositis), nausea, abdominal pain, sepsis (serious infection throughout the body and organs), headache, vomiting, and upper respiratory tract infection. It was approved for medical use in Japan in October 2019, in the United States in July 2023, and the European Union in November 2023.

Medical uses Quizartinib is indicated, in combination with standard cytarabine and anthracycline induction and cytarabine consolidation, and as maintenance monotherapy following consolidation chemotherapy, for the treatment of newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia with FLT3 internal tandem duplication (ITD)-positive.

Adverse effects The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) label includes a boxed warning noting QT prolongation, torsades de pointes, and cardiac arrest. Quizartinib may cause harm to an unborn baby (embryo-fetal toxicity).

Mechanism of action Quizartinib selectively inhibits class III receptor tyrosine kinases, including FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3/STK1), colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R/FMS), stem cell factor receptor (SCFR/KIT), and platelet derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs). Mutations cause constant activation of the FLT3 pathway resulting in inhibition of ligand-independent leukemic cell proliferation and apoptosis.

History Efficacy of quizartinib with chemotherapy was evaluated in QuANTUM-First (NCT02668653), a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 539 participants with newly diagnosed FLT3 internal tandem duplication positive acute myeloid leukemia. FLT3 internal tandem duplication status was determined prospectively with a clinical trial assay and verified retrospectively with the companion diagnostic LeukoStrat CDx FLT3 Mutation Assay. Participants were randomized (1:1) to receive quizartinib (n=268) or placebo (n=271) with induction and consolidation therapy and as maintenance monotherapy according to the initial assignment. There was no re-randomization at the initiation of post-consolidation therapy. Participants who proceeded to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation initiated maintenance therapy after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recovery. The main efficacy outcome measure was overall survival, measured from randomization date until death by any cause. The primary analysis was conducted after a minimum follow-up of 24 months after the last patient was randomized. The trial demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in overall survival for the quizartinib arm [hazard ratio (HR) 0.78; 95% CI: 0.62, 0.98; 2‑sided p=0.0324]. The CR rate in the quizartinib arm was 55% (95% CI: 48.7, 60.9) with a median duration of 38.6 months (95% CI: 21.9, NE), and the CR rate in those receiving placebo was 55% (95% CI: 49.2, 61.4) with a median duration of 12.4 months (95% CI: 8.8, 22.7). The FDA granted the application for quizartinib priority review, fast track, and orphan drug designations.

Clinical trials It reported good results in 2012, from a phase II clinical trial for refractory acute myeloid leukemia - in participants who went on to have a stem cell transplant. As of July 2023, it has completed seventeen clinical trials, and another eleven are active.

Society and culture

Legal status The application for quizartinib was denied in the European Union in 2019. In September 2023, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Vanflyta, intended for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) that is FLT3-ITD positive. The applicant for this medicinal product is Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH. Quizartinib was approved for medical use in Japan in October 2019, in the United States in July 2023, and the European Union in November 2023.

Brand names Quizartinib is the international nonproprietary name. Quizartinib is sold under the brand name Vanflyta.

References

Further reading Erba HP, Montesinos P, Kim HJ, Patkowska E, Vrhovac R, Žák P, et al. (May 2023). "Quizartinib plus chemotherapy in newly diagnosed patients with FLT3-internal-tandem-duplication-positive acute myeloid leukaemia (QuANTUM-First): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial". Lancet. 401 (10388): 1571–1583. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00464-6. PMID 37116523. S2CID 258314572.

External links Clinical trial number NCT02668653 for "Quizartinib With Standard of Care Chemotherapy and as Continuation Therapy in Patients With Newly Diagnosed FLT3-ITD (+) Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) (QuANTUM-First)" at ClinicalTrials.gov

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Quizartinib

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Quizartinib claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In chemistry, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Quizartinib before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Quizartinib ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Quizartinib

In research: Quizartinib appears in chemistry research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Quizartinib in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Quizartinib is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 4-Morpholinyl compounds, Ethers, Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Quizartinib outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Quizartinib in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Quizartinib means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Quizartinib out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Quizartinib in simple terms?

Quizartinib, sold under the brand name Vanflyta, is an anti-cancer medication used for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. It is a small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Why does Quizartinib matter?

Because it connects several chemistry ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Quizartinib?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Quizartinib.