The radiation law is way of modeling human mobility (geographic mobility, human migration) and it gives better empirical predictions than the gravity model of migration which is widely used in this subject.
Intercity mobility Waves of migration due to displacement by war, or exploitation in the hope of geographical discoveries could be observed in the past, however with new technological advancements in transportation keep making it easier and cheaper to get to one place from another. With intercontinental flights we even can travel to another continent, on a business trip for instance, and come back within a few hours. Not only time but road networks and flight networks are being used more and more intensively also, and there is an increasing need to describe the patterns of human peoples' mobility and their effect on network usage, whether the network is a transportation, communication or some other type of network.
The radiation model Source: Radiation models appeared first in physics to study the process of energetic particles or waves travel through vacuum. The model in the social science describes the flows of people between different locations. Daily commuting is the major part of the flows, so modeling job seeking has to be an important part of the model and so it is in the radiation model. People look for jobs in every county starting with their own home county. The number of open jobs n jobs {\displaystyle n_{\text{jobs}}} depends on the size of the resident population n {\displaystyle n} . The potential employment opportunity (e.g. conditions, income, working hour, etc.) is z {\displaystyle z} with the distribution of p ( z ) {\displaystyle p(z)} . Then, for each county n / n jobs {\displaystyle n/n_{\text{jobs}}} job opportunities are assigned, which are random draws from the p ( z ) {\displaystyle p(z)} distribution. Individuals then chooses the job which is closest to their home county and provides the highest z {\displaystyle z} . Thus, they take into account the proximity to their home county and the benefits it can provide. This optimization gives the migration flows (called commuting fluxes) between counties across the country. This is analogous to the model in physics that describes the radiation and absorption process, that's why it's called the radiation model. An important feature of the model is that the average flux between two counties does not depend on the benefit distribution, the number of job opportunities and the total number of commuters. The fundamental equation of the radiation model gives the average flux between two counties,
⟨ T i j ⟩ = T i m i n j ( m i + s i j ) ( m i + n j + s i j ) . {\displaystyle \langle T_{ij}\rangle =T_{i}{\frac {m_{i}n_{j}}{(m_{i}+s_{ij})(m_{i}+n_{j}+s_{ij})}}.}
where T i {\displaystyle T_{i}} is the total number of commuters from county i {\displaystyle i} , m i {\displaystyle m_{i}} and n j {\displaystyle n_{j}} are the population in county i {\displaystyle i} and j {\displaystyle j} respectively, and s i j {\displaystyle s_{ij}} is the total population in the circle centered at i {\displaystyle i} and touching j {\displaystyle j} excluding the source and the destination population. The model is not static as the Gravity model, and has clear implications which can be empirically verified.
Example The population density around Utah is much lower than around Alabama and so are the job opportunities, given that the population of the two states is the same. Thus, the fundamental equation implies that people from Utah have to travel further to find suitable jobs on average than people from Alabama, and indeed, this is what the data shows. The Gravity model gives bad predictions both on short and long distance commuting, while the prediction of the Radiation model is close to the census data. Further empirical testing shows that the Radiation model underestimates the flow in case of big cities, but generalizing the fundamental equation the model can give at least as good predictions as the Gravity model.
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