In kinematics, the motion of a rigid body is defined as a continuous set of displacements. One-parameter motions can be defined as a continuous displacement of moving object with respect to a fixed frame in Euclidean three-space (E3), where the displacement depends on one parameter, mostly identified as time. Rational motions are defined by rational functions (ratio of two polynomial functions) of time. They produce rational trajectories, and therefore they integrate well with the existing NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline) based industry standard CAD/CAM systems. They are readily amenable to the applications of existing computer-aided geometric design (CAGD) algorithms. By combining kinematics of rigid body motions with NURBS geometry of curves and surfaces, methods have been developed for computer-aided design of rational motions. These CAD methods for motion design find applications in animation in computer graphics (key frame interpolation), trajectory planning in robotics (taught-position interpolation), spatial navigation in virtual reality, computer-aided geometric design of motion via interactive interpolation, CNC tool path planning, and task specification in mechanism synthesis.
Background There has been a great deal of research in applying the principles of computer-aided geometric design (CAGD) to the problem of computer-aided motion design. In recent years, it has been well established that rational Bézier and rational B-spline based curve representation schemes can be combined with dual quaternion representation of spatial displacements to obtain rational Bézier and B-spline motions. Ge and Ravani, developed a new framework for geometric constructions of spatial motions by combining the concepts from kinematics and CAGD. Their work was built upon the seminal paper of Shoemake, in which he used the concept of a quaternion for rotation interpolation. A detailed list of references on this topic can be found in and.
Rational Bézier and B-spline motions Let q ^ = q + ε q 0 {\displaystyle {\hat {\textbf {q}}}={\textbf {q}}+\varepsilon {\textbf {q}}^{0}}
denote a unit dual quaternion. A homogeneous dual quaternion may be written as a pair of quaternions, Q ^ = Q + ε Q 0 {\displaystyle {\hat {\textbf {Q}}}={\textbf {Q}}+\varepsilon {\textbf {Q}}^{0}} ; where Q = w q , Q 0 = w q 0 + w 0 q {\displaystyle {\textbf {Q}}=w{\textbf {q}},{\textbf {Q}}^{0}=w{\textbf {q}}^{0}+w^{0}{\textbf {q}}} . This is obtained by expanding Q ^ = w ^ q ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\textbf {Q}}}={\hat {w}}{\hat {\textbf {q}}}} using dual number algebra (here, w ^ = w + ε w 0 {\displaystyle {\hat {w}}=w+\varepsilon w^{0}} ). In terms of dual quaternions and the homogeneous coordinates of a point P : ( P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , P 4 ) {\displaystyle {\textbf {P}}:(P_{1},P_{2},P_{3},P_{4})} of the object, the transformation equation in terms of quaternions is given by
P ~ = Q P Q ∗ + P 4 [ ( Q 0 ) Q ∗ − Q ( Q 0 ) ∗ ] , {\displaystyle {\tilde {\textbf {P}}}={\textbf {Q}}{\textbf {P}}{\textbf {Q}}^{\ast }+P_{4}[({\textbf {Q}}^{0}){\textbf {Q}}^{\ast }-{\textbf {Q}}({\textbf {Q}}^{0})^{\ast }],}
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