science

List of alternative nonmetal classes

List of alternative nonmetal classes is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand List of alternative nonmetal classes rather than just read about it. In short: In chemistry, after nonmetallic elements such as silicon, chlorine, and helium are classed as either metalloids, halogens, or noble gases, the remaining unclassified nonmetallic elements are hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and selenium. The nonmetallic elements are sometimes instead divided into two to seven alternative classes or sets according to, for example, electronegativity; the relative…

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Reference excerpt

In chemistry, after nonmetallic elements such as silicon, chlorine, and helium are classed as either metalloids, halogens, or noble gases, the remaining unclassified nonmetallic elements are hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and selenium. The nonmetallic elements are sometimes instead divided into two to seven alternative classes or sets according to, for example, electronegativity; the relative homogeneity of the halogens; molecular structure; the peculiar nature of hydrogen; the corrosive nature of oxygen and the halogens; their respective groups; and variations thereupon.

Classification science Classes provided an economy of description and are beneficial to structuring knowledge and understanding of science. The distinction between classes is not absolute. Boundary overlaps can occur as outlying elements in each class show or begin to show less-distinct, hybrid-like, or atypical properties. As expressed by Nelson:

"…care needs to be taken to remember that…[this classification scheme] is only an approximation, and can only be used as a rough guide to the properties of the elements. Provided that this is done, however, it constitutes a very useful classification, and although purists often despise it because of its approximate nature, the fact is that practising chemists make a great deal of use of it, if only subconsciously, in thinking of the chemistry of different elements."

Two classes

Rudakiya. The nonmetals are simply classified according to their inclination to form chemical compounds. The halogens are not distinguished.

Three classes

Wulfsberg. The nonmetals are divided based on a loose correlation between electronegativity and oxidizing power. Very electronegative nonmetals have electronegativity values over 2.8; electronegative nonmetals have values of 1.9 to 2.8.

Bettelheim et al. The nonmetals are distinguished based on the molecular structures of their most thermodynamically stable forms in ambient conditions. Polyatomic nonmetals form structures or molecules in which each atom has two or three nearest neighbours (carbon: Cx; phosphorus: P4; sulfur: S8; selenium: Sex); diatomic nonmetals form molecules in which each atom has one nearest neighbour (hydrogen: H2; nitrogen: N2; oxygen: O2; fluorine: F2; chlorine: Cl2; bromine: Br2; iodine: I2); and the monatomic noble gases exist as isolated atoms (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon) with no fixed nearest neighbour. This gradual reduction in the number of nearest neighbours corresponds (approximately) to a reduction in metallic character. A similar progression is seem among the metals. Metallic bonding tends to involve close-packed centrosymmetric structures with a high number of nearest neighbours. Post-transition metals and metalloids, sandwiched between the true metals and the nonmetals, tend to have more complex structures with an intermediate number of nearest neighbours

Four classes

Field & Gray. Hydrogen is placed by itself on account of it being "so different from all other elements". The remaining nonmetals are divided into nonmetals, halogens, and noble gases, with the unnamed class being distinguished by including nonmetals with relatively strong interatomic bonding, and the metalloids being effectively treated as a third super-class alongside metals and nonmetals.

Dinwiddle. A variant of Field & Gray in which carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and selenium are classified as carbon and other nonmetals.

Vernon. The nonmetals are divided into four classes that complement a four-fold division of the metals, with the noble metals treated as a subset of the transition metals. The metalloids are treated as chemically weak nonmetals, in a manner analogous to their chemically weak frontier metal counterparts.

Five classes

Dupasquier. Noble gases were not known in 1844 when this classification arrangement was published. Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen were grouped together on account of their occurrence in living things. Phosphorus, sulfur and selenium were characterised as being solid; volatile at an average temperature between 100 degrees and red heat; and combustible and flammable.

Myers et al. Metalloids are labeled as semiconductors and carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium as other nonmetals.

Dingle. Hydrogen is again placed by itself on account of its uniqueness. The remaining nonmetals are divided into metalloids, nonmetals, (referred to as "quintessential nonmetals"), halogens, and noble gases. Since the metalloids abut the post-transition or "poor" metals, they might be renamed as "poor non-metals".

Six or seven classes

Generic. After the relevant nonmetals are classified as either noble gases or halogens, the remainder are considered on a group-by-group basis. This results in six or seven sets of nonmetals, depending on the treatment of boron, which in some cases is regarded as a metalloid. The size of the group 14 set, and the sets of nonmetal pnictogens, chalcogens, and halogens will vary depending on how silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, selenium, tellurium, and astatine are treated. In some cases, the 2p nonmetals carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, and other nonmetals are considered sufficiently different from their heavier congeners to warrant separate treatments.

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Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with List of alternative nonmetal classes

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what List of alternative nonmetal classes claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to List of alternative nonmetal classes before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about List of alternative nonmetal classes ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of List of alternative nonmetal classes

In research: List of alternative nonmetal classes appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses List of alternative nonmetal classes in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: List of alternative nonmetal classes is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Halogens, Metalloids, Noble gases, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for List of alternative nonmetal classes outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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Frequently asked questions

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Why does List of alternative nonmetal classes matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

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Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

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